国际商务民事法规通则 （1） 英文PDF电子书下载

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1 Intellectual Property Law 1

1.1 Scope of the Term "Intellectual Property" 1

1.1.1 Definition of Intellectual Property 1

1.1.2 Types of Intellectual Property 2

1.2 Primary Intellectual Property Policy Issues 4

1.2.1 Incentive vs.Competition 4

1.2.2 Property vs.Monopoly 5

1.2.3 Property Policy 5

1.2.4 Natural Rights Policy 6

1.2.5 Two Paradigms of Intellectual Property Law 6

1.3 Sources of Regulatory Authority 8

1.3.1 Article 1,Section 8,Clause 8 8

1.3.2 Historical Basis 9

1.3.3 Current Patent Law Revisions 9

1.3.4 Regulatory Authority for Copyright Rights 9

1.3.5 Regulatory Authority for Trademarks 10

1.3.6 Regulatory Authority for Trade Secrets 11

1.4 The Purpose of Trade Secret Law 13

1.4.1 Definition 13

1.4.2 Economic Policies 13

1.4.3 Uniform Trade Secrets Act 14

1.5 Status of Ideas or Information as Trade Secret 16

1.5.1 Information Is Known Outside the Business 16

1.5.2 Information Is Known by Employees 16

1.5.3 Extent of Measures Taken by Business to Guard Secrecy 17

1.5.4 Value of Information to Business and Competitors 17

1.5.5 Amount of Effort or Money Expended in Developing Information 17

1.5.6 Ease or Difficulty with Which Information Could Be Acquired 18

1.5.7 Two Primary Approaches to Analysis 18

1.5.8 What Types of Information Is Protectable 18

1.6 When Acquisition,Use or Disclosure of Trade Secret Is Actionabe 20

1.6.1 Disclosure or Use in Breach of Confidence 20

1.6.2 Defendant's Liability for Modification of Plaintiff's Trade Secret Information 23

1.7 Private Owners' Reghts in Trade Secret Information Submitted to Government Agencies 25

1.8 Use and Disclosure by Employers and Former Employers 27

1.8.1 Express Agreements 27

1.8.2 Non-Compete Agreements 27

1.8.3 Preexisting Trade Secrets 29

1.8.4 Trade Secret Created by Employee 29

1.9 Remedies for Trade Seret Misappropriation 32

1.9.1 Injunctive Relief 32

1.9.2 Damages 33

1.9.3 Criminal Prosecuton 35

1.10 Utility Patents 37

1.10.1 Introduction 37

1.10.2 Patentable Subject Matter 39

1.10.3 Utility 44

1.10.4 Disclosure 46

1.10.5 Novelty 47

1.10.6 Inventiveness 53

1.10.7 Rights 55

1.10.8 Infringement 61

1.10.9 Examples of Patent Infringement 62

1.10.10 More on Doctrine of Equivalents 63

1.10.11 Time Limitation on Damages 65

1.10.12 Limitation on Damages and Other Remedies;Marking and Notice 65

1.10.13 Defenses for Infringement 66

1.10.14 Interpreting Patent Claims 66

1.10.15 Patent Invalidity 67

1.10.16 Remedies for Patent Infringement 69

1.10.17 Protection for Inventions 70

1.10.18 Comparison of Utility and Trade Secrets 71

1.11 International Patent Treaties 73

1.11.1 Paris Convention 73

1.11.2 Patent Cooperation Treaty(PCT) 82

1.12 The Law of Undeveloped Ideas 86

1.12.1 Idea Submission 86

1.12.2 Property Theory 87

1.12.3 Express Contracts 89

1.12.4 Implied Contracts 89

1.12.5 Quasi Contract 92

1.12.6 Damages 93

1.13 Design Patents 95

1.13.1 Disign Protection 95

1.13.2 Historical Development 97

1.13.3 Requirements for Protection 98

1.13.4 Infringement of Design Patents 101

1.13.5 Remedies 103

1.13.6 Enforceability 104

1.13.7 Summary 105

1.14 Plant Patents 109

1.14.1 Plant Patent Act 109

1.14.2 Utility Patents for Plants 118

1.14.3 Plant Variety Protection Act 119

1.14.4 Comparison:Plant Patents,Utility Patents for Plants,Plant Variety Protection Act 121

1.15 The Nature of Trademark Law 125

1.15.1 Purpose of Trademarks and Trademark Law 126

1.15.2 Developed as Part of the Common Law of Unfair Competition 127

1.15.3 Relationship of State and Federal Law 127

1.15.4 Distinguish Trade Name from Trade Mark 128

1.15.5 Rights from Use 129

1.16 Types of Marks 131

1.17 Differerent Formats for Trademarks and Service Marks 133

1.17.1 Separate Commercial Impression 133

1.17.2 Words and Numbers as Marks 134

1.17.3 Abstract Drawings and Realistic Drawings May or May Not Function as Trademarks 135

1.17.4 Trade Dress 135

1.17.5 Color 136

1.17.6 Overall Product Shape 137

1.17.7 Slogans 137

1.17.8 Components 138

1.17.9 Composite Marks 138

1.18 Different Types of Marks Can also Be Service,Certification,Collective Marks 139

1.18.1 Service Marks 139

1.18.2 Certification Marks and Collective Marks 139

1.18.3 Collective Marks 140

1.19 Trademark Selection Process-Understanding the Strength of a Mark 142

1.19.1 Marks Must Be Distinctive 143

1.19.2 Arbitrary and Fanciful Marks 143

1.19.3 Suggestive Marks 145

1.19.4 Descriptive Marks or Functional Marks 145

1.19.5 Ordinary Designs,Functional Shapes or Features"Ornamental Functionality" 146

1.19.6 Trademark Searching 148

1.20 Acquiring Ownership of Marks 151

1.20.1 Two Ways to Acquire Ownership of Trademarks in the U.S. 151

1.20.2 The Effect of Filing under ITU Provisions or Section 44 Filing 151

1.20.3 Use of Mark in Trade 152

1.20.4 Simultaneous or near Simultaneous Use 153

1.20.5 Descriptive Marks Lacking Secondary Meaning Can Aequire"Secondary Meaning"or"Acquired Distinctiveness"as a Trademark after Five Years of Use 153

1.20.6 Proper Use 154

1.21 Things That Cannot Be Enforced or Registered as Marks 156

1.21.1 Generic Marks 156

1.21.2 Scandalous or Immoral Marks 158

1.21.3 Deceptive Marks 158

1.21.4 Marks That Are Merely Descriiptive or Deceptively Misdescrptive 158

1.21.5 Primarily Geographically Descriptive Marks 160

1.21.6 Marks That Are Primarily a Surname 160

1.22 Federal Registration of Marks 163

1.22.1 Types of Marks Registerable on the Lanham Act Principal Register 163

1.22.2 Advantages of Registration on the Principal Register 163

1.22.3 Use-Based or Intent-to-Use Application 165

1.22.4 Steps in Federal Ragistration 166

1.22.5 Intent to Use Requires Additional Fees and Filing 168

1.23 Maintenance or Possible Cancellation or Registratiom and Renewal 170

1.23.1 Filing Section 8 and 15 170

1.23.2 Benefits of Section 15 170

1.23.3 Registration Terms 170

1.24 Registration on Supplemental Register 172

1.25 Oppositions and Cancellations 174

1.25.1 Interested 3rd Parties Can Oppose Registration of Marks during the Examination Process,before the Certificate of Registration Issues 174

1.25.2 Anytime,after Registration,a Mark May Be Subject to Cancellation 175

1.26 Extent of Enforcement of Rights-Interplay of Federal and Common Law Rights 176

1.27 Test of Trademark Infringement-Likelihood of Public Confusion about Source of Goods or Services 183

1.27.1 Same Test for Registered and Unregistered Marks under Section 43 A of the Lanham Act:Test Is also the Same for Trade Name Infringement 183

1.27.2 Test looks to Simulate the Reality of the Marketplace to Determine if Confusion Is Likely-Test Is Not Actual,but Likely Confusion 183

1.27.3 Factors Are Variable but No One Is More Important than Another 183

1.28 Dilution 193

1.29 Selecting and Evaluating a Mark 194

1.29.1 Strength of Mark 194

1.29.2 Locating Conflicting Marks 196

1.30 Federal Registration 197

1.30.1 Benefits 197

1.30.2 Application Filing 198

1.30.3 Post Publication-Issuance of Reg.Certificate 202

1.30.4 Post Registration 203

1.31 Defenses to a Trademark Infringement Action 209

1.31.1 Fair Use 210

1.31.2 Challenges to Validity of the Mark and Plaintiff's Ownership Rights 212

1.31.3 Remedies for Infringement 215

1.31.4 Injunction 216

1.31.5 Monetary Recoveries 217

1.31.6 Notice 218

1.31.7 Special Remedies for Counterfeit Marks 219

1.31.8 Impoundment and Destruction 220

1.32 Right to Stop Importation of Infringing Marks 221

1.32.1 Recordation of Registered Mark with the U.S. Customs 221

1.32.2 Gray Market Goods 221

1.33 Trademark Infringement 225

1.33.1 Passing off 225

1.33.2 Likelihood of Confusion 226

1.34 Dilution 235

1.34.1 Governed by State Law 235

1.34.2 Strong Marks 235

1.35 Unfair Competition 237

1.36 The Purchase and Nature of Copyrighe Law 240

1.36.1 The Purpose of Copyright Law 240

1.36.2 Historical Basis-Statute of Anne 1710 241

1.36.3 The Nature of Copyright Law as Distinguished from Patent Law 244

1.36.4 Federal Law Virtually Preempts Common Law Copyright-Rights Derive only from the Copyright Law Revision Act of 1976,or Copyright Act of 1909 245

1.36.5 The Register of Copyrights in the Copyright Office 245

1.36.6 Rights however Come from the Copyright Act Itself,upon"Fixation"of an "Original Work of Authorship" 246

1.37 The Subject Matter of Copyright 247

1.37.1 U.S.C. Section 102(a) 247

1.37.2 Basic Concepts-Distinguish "Idea" from "Expression" 248

1.37.3 Fixation-the Requirement That Works Be Fixed in Tangible Form 248

1.37.4 Categories of Protectable"Works of Authorship" 251

1.37.5 One or More "Works" May Be in One Work 252

1.37.6 Interesting Areas 252

1.37.7 The Originality Requirement-Degree of Originality Is Not the Same as Novelty under Patent Law-Minimal Requirement Essentially Means No "Copying" 253

1.37.8 Limitations and Special Problems in Dealing with Originality 258

1.37.9 Derivative Works 262

1.37.10 Government Works as Copyrightable Subject Matter 264

1.38 The Rights Afforded by Copyright/Exclusive Right to Reproduce 265

1.38.1 Exclusive Rights of the Copyright Owner 266

1.38.2 Moral Rights in Works of Visual Arts 267

1.39 Exclusive Right to Reproduce 269

1.39.1 Copying 269

1.39.2 Exception:Computer Programs 271

1.39.3 Exception:Musical Works 272

1.39.4 Exception:Sound Recordings 274

1.39.5 Exception:Pictorial,Graphics,and Sculptural Works 275

1.39.6 Exception:Architectural Works 276

1.39.7 Exception:Libraries and Archives 277

1.40 Exclusive Right to Prepare Derivative Works 281

1.40.1 Overlap with Right to Reproduce or Perform 281

1.40.2 Exception:Computer Programs 284

1.40.3 Exception:Sound Recordings 284

1.40.4 Exception:Architectural Works 285

1.41 Exclusive Right to Distribute to the Public 286

1.42 Exclusive Right to Perform Publicly 288

1.42.1 Meaning of Performance 288

1.42.2 When a Performance Public 288

1.42.3 Exception:Transmissions Received on Home-Style Receivers 290

1.43 Exclusive Right to Display Copyrighted Work Publicly 295

1.43.1 When a Display Is Public 295

1.43.2 Exception:Owners of Lawfully Made Copies 295

1.43.3 Additional Exceptions 296

1.44 Moral Rights 299

1.45 Copyright Infringement 301

1.45.1 Direct Infringement 301

1.45.2 Vicarious-Infringement 301

1.45.3 Contrib6tory Infringement 302

1.46 Fair Use Defense 303

1.46.1 Nature of Fair Use Defense 303

1.46.2 Factors 303

1.47 Copyright Ownership 307

1.47.1 Initial Ownership 307

1.47.2 Transfer of Ownership 309

1.48 Copyright Notice 312

1.48.1 Form 312

1.48.2 Effect of Omission 312

1.49 Registration 316

1.50 Duration 318

1.50.1 Works Created on or after January 1,1978 318

1.50.2 Works Created before January 1,1978 319

1.51 Copyright Infringement 323

1.51.1 Access 323

1.51.2 Substantial Similarity 323

1.52 Remedies for Copyright Infringement 326

1.52.1 Injunction and Damages 326

1.52.2 Damages 326

1.52.3 Attorney's Fees 327

1.53 Berne Convention 328

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