Chapter 1 Concept,Functions and Classification of Biomass Energy 1
1.1 Biomass Circulation and Functions of Biomass 1
1.1.1 Concept of Biomass 1
1.1.2 Functions and Significance of Biomass in Cycle of Matter 1
1.1.3 Technological Approaches of Biomass Utilization 13
1.2 Characteristics of Biomass 13
1.2.1 Classification of Biomass 13
1.2.2 Chemical Compositions and Characteristics of Biomass 15
1.3 Potential of Biomass Energy and Non-energy Products 17
1.3.1 Potential of Biomass Energy 17
1.3.2 Potential of Non-energy Bio-based Products 21
Chapter 2 Waste as Resources 22
2.1 Agricultural Wastes 22
2.1.1 Crop Straw 22
2.1.2 Feces of Major Livestock and Poultry 25
2.2 Forestry Residue 27
2.2.1 Introduction of Forestry Residue 27
2.2.2 Distribution of Major Forest Biomass Resources 28
2.2.3 Biomass Energy Resources of Major Types of Forests and the Energy Contained 34
2.2.4 Advantages of Forestry Biomass Energy Resources in China 35
2.3 Waste Processing 37
2.3.1 Residue in Agricultural Processing Industry 37
2.3.2 Industrial Processing Waste 39
2.4 Household Waste 40
2.4.1 Urban Household Waste 40
2.4.2 Recycling and Utilization of Urban Household Waste 41
Chapter 3 Biomass Raw Material Plants 43
3.1 Sugary Plant Resources 43
3.1.1 Sugarcane 44
3.1.2 Sorgo 45
3.1.3 Helianthus Tuberosus Linn 46
3.2 Starchy Plant Resources 47
3.2.1 Sweet Potatoes 48
3.2.2 Cassava 49
3.3 Oil Plant Resources 50
3.3.1 Annual Oil Plants 50
3.3.2 Woody Oil Plants 51
3.4 Cellulosic Plant Resources 57
3.4.1 Herbaceous Energy Plants 57
3.4.2 Shrubby Energy Plants 58
3.4.3 Arborous Energy Plants 60
3.5 Algous Plant Resources 60
Chapter 4 Compression and Molding Technology of Biomass Fuel 63
4.1 Conception and Development 63
4.2 Composition of Biomass Materials 65
4.3 Molding Features of Biomass and Influencing Factors 67
4.3.1 Material Types 68
4.3.2 Molding Pressure 68
4.3.3 Fineness of Material Pulverization 68
4.3.4 Moisture Content of Material 69
4.3.5 Heating Temperature 69
Chapter 5 Direct Combustion of Biomass 71
5.1 Biomass Combustion Principles 71
5.1.1 Biomass Fuels Characteristics 71
5.1.2 Combustion Process of Biomass Fuels 72
5.1.3 Major Factors Affecting Combustion 75
5.1.4 Direct Biomass Combustion 76
5.2 Traditional Stoves and Improvements 79
5.2.1 Old Kang-connected Hearth 79
5.2.2 Old Kang 79
5.2.3 Integrated Heat Efficiency of Kang-connected Hearth 80
5.2.4 Improvements in Old Kang 80
5.3 Power Generation from Biomass Direct Combustion 81
5.3.1 Concepts and Power Generation System 81
5.3.2 Power Generation from Direct Combustion of Different Biomass 82
5.3.3 Present Application and Prospect of Power Generation from Direct Biomass Combustion 86
Chapter 6 Gasification Technology of Biomass 90
6.1 Principle of Biomass Gasification 90
6.1.1 Concepts of Gasification 90
6.1.2 Gasification Process 92
6.1.3 Basic Thermal Chemical Reaction of Gasification 93
6.2 Methods of Gasification 95
6.3 Types of Biomass Gasification Technology 95
6.3.1 Direct Gasification 95
6.3.2 Indirect Gasification Technology of Biomass 97
6.4 The Development Status and Problems of Biomass Gasification Technology 100
6.4.1 Utilization of Biomass Gasification Technology in China 100
6.4.2 Utilization of Biomass Gasification Technology Abroad 102
6.4.3 Major Problems of Biomass Gasification 103
Chapter 7 Conversion Technology of Bioethanol 105
7.1 Description of Bioethanol 105
7.1.1 Basic Concepts 105
7.1.2 Development Situation of Bioethanol at Home and Abroad 105
7.2 Processing Principle and Technology of Bioethanol 110
7.2.1 Production Method of Bioethanol 110
7.2.2 Biochemical Reaction Process of Ethanol Fermentation 111
7.2.3 Ethanol Fermentation Technology 113
7.2.4 Microorganism in the Ethanol Fermentation 115
7.3 Ethanol Production by Using Different Raw Materials 118
7.3.1 The First Generation Raw Materials of Bioethanol 118
7.3.2 The Second Generation Raw Materials of Bioethanol 121
7.3.3 Problems of Different Raw Materials Used for Ethanol Production and Outlook 130
Chapter 8 Conversion Technology of Biodiesel 133
8.1 Conversion Principle of Biodiesel 133
8.1.1 Description of Biodiesel 133
8.1.2 Production Principles of Biodiesel 135
8.2 Production Technology of Biodiesel 137
8.2.1 Physical Method of Biodiesel Production 137
8.2.2 Chemical Method of Biodiesel Production 138
8.2.3 Enzyme Method of Biodiesel Production 142
8.2.4 Engineered Microalgae Method of Biodiesel Production 143
8.3 Development Status of Biodiesel 143
8.3.1 Development Status of Biodiesel in Abroad 143
8.3.2 Development Status of Biodiesel in China 146
8.4 The Application Prospect of Biodiesel 147
Chapter 9 Methane Production Technology of Biomass 149
9.1 Description of Methane Production 149
9.1.1 Physicochemical Property of Methane 149
9.1.2 Microbiology Principle of Methane Fermentation 150
9.1.3 Methane Fermentation Conditions 157
9.2 Methane Engineering Technology 160
9.2.1 The Development and Status of the Methane Engineering 160
9.2.2 Common Technology and Devices Used for Biogas Fermentation 166
9.3 Discussion and Prospect 175
9.3.1 Problems of Biogas Engineering in China and the Higher Value Application of Biogas 175
9.3.2 The Development of Diversified Raw Materials and the High-efficiency Utilization of Biogas 176
Chapter 10 Biomass-based Hydrogen Production Technology 183
10.1 Producing Hydrogen out of Biomass 183
10.1.1 Characteristics of Hydrogen 183
10.1.2 Development of Bio-hydrogen Production 184
10.1.3 Hydrogen-producing Microorganisms and Mechanisms 185
10.2 Technologies and Development of Biomass-based Hydrogen Production 189
10.2.1 Bio-hydrogen Production Technology and Its Development 189
10.2.2 Thermochemical Technology 195
10.3 Problems and Prospects of Bio-hydrogen Production 196
10.3.1 Problems in Bio-hydrogen Production 196
10.3.2 Prospects of Bio-hydrogen Production 197
Chapter 11 Biological Decomposition and Conversion Technology of Lignocellulose 199
11.1 Overview of Lignocellulose 199
11.1.1 Structural Features of Lignocellulose 199
11.1.2 Bioconversion of Lignocellulose Resources 200
11.2 Lignocellulose Decomposition Bacteria 201
11.2.1 Features of Lignocellulose Decomposition Bacteria 201
11.2.2 Research Progress in Pure Cultured Microbial Cellulose 207
11.2.3 Application and Problems of Pure Cultured Microorganism Cellulose Decomposition 208
11.3 Enzymatic Conversion Technology of Lignocellulose 209
11.3.1 Pretreatment Technology of Lignocellulose 209
11.3.2 Researches Progress on Cellulose Enzymatic Hydrolysis 213
11.3.3 Development of Cellulose Hydrolysis and Saccharification Technology 218
11.3.4 Mixed Efficiency of Enzymes and the Applications of Mixed Enzymes 220
11.4 Cellulose Decomposition Bacteria Complex System and Its Rapid Decomposition 221
11.4.1 Principle of Rapid Decomposition of Cellulose Decomposition Bacteria 221
11.4.2 Application of Cellulolytic Bacteria Complex System and Its Problems 222
11.5 Prospects of the Bioconversion of Lignocellulose Material 224
Chapter 12 Solid Waste Disposal and Composting Technology 226
12.1 Definition and Characteristics of Solid Waste 226
12.1.1 Definition of Solid Waste 226
12.1.2 Characteristics of Solid Waste 226
12.2 Sources and Classifications of Solid Waste 227
12.2.1 Industrial Solid Waste 227
12.2.2 Municipal Solid Waste 228
12.2.3 Hazardous Waste 229
12.3 Environmental Pollution Caused by Solid Waste 229
12.3.1 Air Pollution 229
12.3.2 Water Pollution 230
12.3.3 Land Pollution 230
12.3.4 Impacts on Environmental Sanitation 231
12.4 Treatment and Utilization of Solid Waste in China 231
12.4.1 Current Situation of Resources Management of Industrial Waste in China 231
12.4.2 Current Situation of Resources Management of Municipal Waste in China 231
12.4.3 Technologies and Processes of Solid Waste Treatment from Home and Abroad 232
12.5 Development of Composting Techniques 234
12.5.1 Composting Techniques 235
12.5.2 Factors Affecting the Composting Process 239
12.5.3 Effects of Inocula on Composting Process 243
12.5.4 Evaluating Decomposition Level of Organic Solid Waste 244
12.6 Compost Fermentation Device 247
12.7 Outlook 249
Chapter 13 Feed Conversion Technique of Agricultural Wastes 251
13.1 Processing and Technique of Protein Feed 251
13.1.1 Source of Protein Feed 251
13.1.2 Protein Feed Processing Method and Technique 257
13.2 Turning Crop Straw into Feed 261
13.2.1 Composition of Crop Straw and Its Nutritional Value 261
13.2.2 Processing Technique of Straw Feed 264
13.2.3 Fermented Straw Feed Additive 267
13.2.4 Research and Outlook on Straw Feed 269
Chapter 14 Benefits and Outlook of Biomass Utilization 270
14.1 Environmental Benefits of Biomass Utilization 270
14.1.1 Zero-carbon Biomass 270
14.1.2 Making Wastes Non-hazardous and Transform Them into Resources 271
14.1.3 Bio-based Product to Replace Petroleum-based Chemical Product 271
14.2 Social Benefits of Biomass Utilization 271
14.2.1 Solving Issues Concerning Agriculture,Farmers and Rural Area 271
14.2.2 Energy and National Security 272
14.2.3 Alternative to Petroleum-based Product 273
14.3 Economic Benefits of Biomass Utilization 273
14.3.1 Economic Benefits of Different Types of Biomass 273
14.3.2 Clean Development Mechanism 277
14.3.3 Problems in Biomass Energy Commercialization 278
14.4 Outlook for Biomass Utilization in China 279
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