软件测试 原理与实践 英文版 第2版PDF电子书下载

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1 Introduction 1

1.1 The Software Industry 1

1.1.1 Software Testing and Quality 2

1.1.2 Software Testing and Risk Management 3

1.2 Mistakes，Faults and Failures 3

1.2.1 Software Faults 4

1.2.2 Software Failures 5

1.2.3 Need for Testing 6

1.3 The Role of Specifications 8

1.4 Overview of Testing 9

1.4.1 Testing in the Development Process 9

1.4.2 Test Automation 9

1.5 The Theory of Testing 10

1.5.1 Exhaustive Testing Example 11

1.5.2 Implications 11

1.5.3 When To Finish Testing 12

1.6 Book Structure 13

1.6.1 Order of Testing 14

1.6.2 Programming Language 14

1.6.3 Level of Detail 14

1.6.4 Code Examples 14

1.7 Notes on Terminology 14

2 Principles of Software Testing 15

2.1 Static Verification 15

2.1.1 Walk-throughs 16

2.1.2 Code Reviews/Inspections 16

2.1.3 Formal Methods and Testing 18

2.2 Dynamic Verification 19

2.3 Black-Box and White-Box Testing 19

2.3.1 Errors of “Omission” and “Commission” 21

2.4 Test Approaches 22

2.4.1 Black-Box Testing 22

2.4.2 White-Box Testing 23

2.4.3 Fault Insertion 24

2.5 Test Design Process 24

2.5.1 Analysis 25

2.5.2 Generating Test Cases 25

2.5.3 Generating Test Data 26

2.5.4 Implementing Tests 26

2.6 Analysis of Software Specifications 27

2.6.1 Parameters 27

2.6.2 Parameter Ranges 27

2.6.3 Equivalence Partitions 28

2.6.4 Boundary Values 29

2.6.5 Combinations of Values 30

2.6.6 Sequences of Values 38

2.7 Analysis of Software Components 40

2.7.1 Control Flow Graphs 40

2.7.2 Decisions and Conditions 43

2.7.3 Paths 44

2.7.4 Data Flows 47

2.8 Analysis of Targets for Fault Insertion 47

2.8.1 Offutt’s 5 Sufficient Mutations 47

2.9 Test Artefacts 48

3 Unit Testing 50

3.1 Techniques 50

3.2 Usage 51

3.3 Black-Box Techniques 52

3.3.1 Equivalence Partitioning（EP） 52

3.3.2 Boundary Value Analysis（BVA） 53

3.3.3 Testing Combinations of Inputs 55

3.3.4 Testing Sequences of Inputs/State-Based Testing 56

3.3.5 Testing with Random Data 56

3.3.6 Error Guessing/Expert Opinion 58

3.4 White-Box Techniques 59

3.4.1 Statement Coverage（SC） 60

3.4.2 Branch Coverage（BC） 61

3.4.3 Condition Coverage（CC） 62

3.4.4 Decision Condition Coverage（DCC） 64

3.4.5 Multiple Condition Coverage（MCC） 65

3.4.6 Modified Condition Decision Coverage（MCDC） 66

3.4.7 Path Coverage 67

3.4.8 Dataflow Coverage（DU Pairs） 68

3.5 Fault Insertion 69

3.5.1 Strong Mutation Testing 69

3.6 Test Ranking 70

4 Unit Testing Examples 71

4.1 Example One：fits（） 71

4.1.1 Description 71

4.1.2 Specification 72

4.1.3 Note on Black-Box Testing 72

4.1.4 Equivalence Partitioning 72

4.1.5 Boundary Value Analysis 77

4.1.6 Combinational Testing 78

4.1.7 Random Testing 81

4.1.8 Testing Sequences of Inputs 82

4.1.9 Elimination of Duplicate Black-Box Tests 82

4.1.10 Important Note on White-Box Testing 83

4.1.11 Source Code 84

4.1.12 Statement Coverage 84

4.1.13 Branch Coverage 85

4.1.14 Condition Coverage 87

4.1.15 Decision/Condition Coverage 88

4.1.16 Multiple Condition Coverage 90

4.1.17 Modified Condition Decision Coverage 90

4.1.18 Path Coverage 92

4.1.19 Dataflow Coverage（DU Pairs） 93

4.1.20 Elimination of Duplicate Tests 95

4.1.21 Test Implementation 96

4.2 Example Two：premium（） 97

4.2.1 Description 97

4.2.2 Specification 97

4.2.3 Equivalence Partitioning 97

4.2.4 Boundary Value Analysis 101

4.2.5 Combinational Testing 102

4.2.6 Random Testing 105

4.2.7 Elimination of Duplicate Black-Box Tests 105

4.2.8 Source Code 107

4.2.9 Statement Coverage 107

4.2.10 Branch Coverage 108

4.2.11 Condition Coverage 110

4.2.12 Decision/Condition Coverage 111

4.2.13 Multiple Condition Coverage 113

4.2.14 Modified Condition Decision Coverage 116

4.2.15 Path Coverage 117

4.2.16 Dataflow Coverage（DU Pairs） 119

4.2.17 Elimination of Duplicate Tests 121

4.2.18 Test Implementation 121

5 Unit Testing Object-Oriented Software 123

5.1 Characteristics of Object-Oriented Software 124

5.2 Effects of OO on Testing 124

5.3 Object-Oriented Testing Models 125

5.3.1 Conventional Models 125

5.3.2 Combinational Models 126

5.3.3 State Machine Models 127

5.3.4 Specification ＆ Design Models 129

5.3.5 Built-In-Test 130

5.4 Example 1 131

5.4.1 Class CarTax 131

5.4.2 Black-Box Testing in Class Context 131

5.4.3 Equivalence Partitioning 132

5.4.4 Boundary Value Analysis 134

5.4.5 Combinational Testing 134

5.4.6 White-Box Testing in Class Context 134

5.4.7 Combinational Testing at the Class Level 135

5.4.8 State-Machine Testing 137

5.4.9 Specification/Design Testing 141

5.4.10 Built-In Testing 141

5.5 Example 2 143

5.5.1 Classes Shape and Square 143

5.5.2 Specification/Design Testing 143

6 Integration Testing 145

6.1 Principles 145

6.1.1 Analysis 146

6.1.2 Test Cases 147

6.1.3 Test Data 147

6.1.4 Test Implementation 147

6.2 Example 147

6.2.1 The Premium System 148

6.2.2 Sequence Diagram 149

6.2.3 Source Code 150

6.2.4 Analysis 150

6.2.5 Test Cases 152

6.2.6 Test Data 152

6.2.7 Test Implementation 153

6.2.8 Interpretation of Test Results 153

6.3 External Integration Testing 153

6.4 Unit Testing during Software Integration 154

6.4.1 Drivers and Stubs 154

6.4.2 Top-Down Integration 154

6.4.3 Bottom-Up Integration 155

6.4.4 Incremental Feature/Continuous Integration 155

7 System Testing 156

7.1 Introduction 156

7.1.1 System Test Categories 156

7.2 Usage 158

7.2.1 System Level Functional Testing 158

7.2.2 Test Cases 160

7.3 GUI Testing Example 160

7.3.1 Example System 161

7.3.2 Testing the Interface Behaviour 167

7.3.3 Testing the Interface Navigation 168

7.3.4 Testing Software Features 170

7.3.5 Testing Use Cases and Scenarios 173

7.3.6 Testing a Web-Based GUI 174

7.4 Field Testing and Acceptance Testing 175

7.4.1 Field Testing 175

7.4.2 Acceptance Testing 175

8 Software Test Automation 176

8.1 Unit Test Automation 177

8.1.1 TestNG 177

8.1.2 Basic TestNG Features 177

8.1.3 Other TestNG features 179

8.1.4 Documenting Automated Tests 181

8.1.5 Automated Unit Testing in an IDE 182

8.2 Automated Unit Test Example：fits（） 182

8.2.1 Testing fits（）with Inline Data 182

8.2.2 Parameterised Tests for fits（） 183

8.3 Coverage Measurement Automation 186

8.3.1 EclEmma Example 186

8.3.2 Lazy Evaluation 187

8.4 Automated Object-Oriented Unit Testing 188

8.4.1 CarTax Example 188

8.4.2 Automating Inheritance Testing 188

8.5 Automated System Testing 190

8.5.1 Swing-Based GUI Example 191

8.5.2 Web-Based GUI Example 197

8.6 Selenium IDE（Integrated Development Environment） 205

8.7 Other Test Automation Tools and Techniques 205

8.7.1 Customising the Test Runner 205

8.7.2 Stress Testing 206

8.7.3 Mutation Testing 207

9 Testing in the Software Process 209

9.1 Test Planning 210

9.2 Software Development Life Cycle 211

9.3 The Waterfall Model 211

9.4 The V-Model 212

9.5 Incremental and Agile Development 213

9.5.1 Incremental Development 214

9.5.2 Extreme Programming 215

9.5.3 SCRUM 217

9.5.4 DevOps 218

9.5.5 Process-Related Quality Standards and Models 219

9.6 Repair-Based Testing 219

9.6.1 Specific Repair Test 219

9.6.2 Generic Repair Test 219

9.6.3 Abstracted Repair Test 220

9.6.4 Example 220

9.6.5 Repair-Based Test Suites 220

10 Advanced Testing Issues 221

10.1 Philosophy of Testing 221

10.2 Test Technique Selection 222

10.3 Design For Testability（DFT） 222

10.4 Overlapping and Discontinuous Partitions 223

10.4.1 Overlapping Input Partitions 223

10.4.2 Overlapping Output Partitions 223

10.4.3 Inband Error Reporting 224

10.5 Handling Relative Values 225

10.5.1 Classic Triangle Problem 226

10.6 Pairwise Testing 227

10.7 Modified Combinational Testing 228

10.8 Improved Condition Coverage 229

10.9 Testing with Floating Point Numbers 229

10.10 Testing with Complex Data Structures 231

10.11 State-Based or Sequential Testing 231

10.12 Inserting Data Faults 235

10.13 Automated Statement and Branch Testing 235

10.14 Automated Random Testing 235

10.15 OO Dataflow Testing（DU Pairs） 237

10.16 Verifying State in Object-Oriented Testing 239

10.17 Advanced OO Testing 240

10.17.1 Multiplicity in UML Class Diagrams 241

10.18 Text-Based Value Representation 242

10.19 Unit Testing of GUI Components 243

10.20 Some issues in Testing Web-Based Applications 244

10.21 Responsive UI Design Testing 244

10.22 Testing Concurrent and Parallel Software 244

10.22.1 Unit Testing 245

10.22.2 System Testing 245

10.22.3 Static Analysis 245

10.22.4 Tools 245

10.23 Testing Embedded Software 246

10.24 Testing Network Protocol Processing 248

10.24.1 Text-Based Protocols 248

10.24.2 Binary Protocols 249

10.24.3 Protocol Stacks and DFT 249

10.25 Including Testing In The Build Procedure 249

10.26 Research Directions 250

APPENDICES 252

A Terminology 252

B Software Testing Tools 254

C Exercises 255

C.1 TestNG and Eclipse 255

C.2 Unit Test-Exercise 1 257

C.3 Unit Test-Exercise 2 258

C.4 Unit Test-Exercise 3 259

C.5 Unit Test-Exercise 4 259

C.6 Unit Test-Exercise 5 260

C.7 Unit Test-Exercise 6 261

C.8 Unit Test-Exercise 7 262

C.9 Unit Test-Exercise 8 262

C.10 Unit Test-Exercise 9 263

C.11 Exercise 10-Test Projects 264

D Source Code 265

D.1 Chapter 4-Unit Testing Examples 265

D.1.1 CharterFlight.java 265

D.1.2 CharterFlightTest.java 266

D.1.3 Insurance.java 267

D.1.4 InsuranceTest.java 268

D.2 Chapter 5-OO Testing 269

D.2.1 CarTax.java 269

D.2.2 CarTaxTest.java 270

D.2.3 CarTaxWithAssertions.java 271

D.2.4 CarTaxWithAssertionsTest.java 273

D.2.5 Shape.java 273

D.2.6 Square.java 274

D.2.7 ShapeTest.java 274

D.2.8 SquareTest.java 274

D.3 Chapter 6-Integration Testing 275

D.3.1 PremiumCalculator.java 275

D.3.2 Validator.java 276

D.3.3 PremiumCalculatorIntegrationTest.java 276

D.4 Chapter 7-System Testing 277

D.4.1 FlightBooker.java 277

D.4.2 SimpleSwingTestFramework.java 279

D.4.3 FlightBookerBehaviourTest.java 282

D.4.4 FlightBookerNavTest.java 283

D.4.5 FlightBookerFeatureTest.java 285

D.4.6 FlightBookerScenarioTest.java 286

D.4.7 FlightBookerWebTest.java 288

D.5 Chapter 8-Software Test Automation 292

D.5.1 Demo.java 292

D.5.2 DemoTest.java 293

D.5.3 DemoTestM.java 293

D.5.4 DemoTestA.java 294

D.5.5 DemoTestB.java 294

D.5.6 Demo2.java 295

D.5.7 Demo2Test.java 295

D.5.8 testng-1.xml 295

D.5.9 CharterFlightTestInline.java 296

D.5.10 CustomRunner.java 296

D.6 Chapter 10-Advanced Issues 298

D.6.1 Lamp1.java 298

D.6.2 Lamp2.java 298

D.6.3 Lamp1Test.java 298

D.6.4 Lamp2Test.java 299

Select Bibliography 300

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