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CHAPTER 1 Low-Level Semiconductor Physics 1

1．1 INTRODUCTION 1

1．2 THE LATTICE STRUCTURE OF SILICON AND GERMANIUM 2

1．3 CURRENT BY THERMAL DIFFUSION 4

1．4 CURRENT BY DRIFT IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD 6

1．5 THERMAL EQUILIBIUM CARRIER DENSSTIES 7

1．6 CONDUCTIVITY OF SEMICONDUCTORS 12

1．7 LIFETIME AND DIFFUSION LENGTH OF CARRIERS 13

1．8 BIBLIOGRAPHY 15

CHAPTER 2 Low-Level Diode and Triode Analysis 16

2．1 THE P-N JUNCTION DIODE 16

2．2 THE P-N-P(AND N-P-N)JUNCTION TRANSISTOR 28

2．3 BIBLIOGRAPHY 41

CHAPTER 3 Gain and Impedance Formulas 43

3．1 INTRODUCTION 43

3．2 GAINFUL TRANSISTOR CONNECTIONS:EXACT AND APPROXIMATE FORMULAS 44

3．3 REVERSE TRANSISTOR CONNECTIONS:EXACT AND APPROXIMATE FORMULAS 49

3．4 POWER-GAIN DEFINITIVE EXPRESSIONS 54

3．5 SPECIAL IMPEDANCE-MATCHING(OR MISMATCHING)CASES:APPROXIMATE FORMULAS 56

3．6 BIBLIOGRAPHY 64

CHAPTER 4 Audio-Frequency Ampliflers 65

4．1 INTRODUCTION 65

4．2 SINGLE-STAGE AMPLIFIERS 67

4．3 TRANSFORMER-COUPLED AMPLIFIERS 74

4．4 CAPACITIVE-COUPLED AMPLIFIERS 76

4．5 DIRECT-COUPLED AMPLIFIERS 79

4．6 BIBLIOGRAPHY 81

CHAPTER 5 Transistor Biasing 82

5．1 METHODS AND PREDICTABILITY OF BIASING 82

5．2 BIAS STABILIZATION 90

5．3 BIBLIOGRAPHY 102

CHAPTER 6 Noise in Transistors 103

6．1 TYPES OF ELECTRONIC NOISE GENERATION 103

6．2 THE NOISE FIGURE OF AN AMPLIFIER 109

6．3 NOISE SOURCES WITHIA TRANSISTOR 110

6．4 NOISE FIGURES OF TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIERS 114

6．5 BIBLIOGRAPHY 118

CHAPTER 7 Degenerative Feedback 119

7．1 OVER-ALL GAIN AND IMPEDANCE PROPERTIES OF FEED-BACK AMPLIFIERS 119

7．2 NUMBER OF STAGES PER FEEDBACK LOOP:EFFECTS ON AMPLIFIER PERFORMANCE 127

7．3 SINGLE-STAGE FEEDBACK IN TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIERS 130

7．4 HIGH-IMPEDANCE INPUT STAGES 131

7．5 TWO-STAGE FEEDBACK IN TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIERS 134

7．6 MULTISTAGE FEEDBACK IN TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIERS 136

7．7 BIBLIOGRAPHY 138

CHAPTER 8 High-Level Physical Considerations 139

8．1 LARGE-SIGNAL LOAD-LINE LIMITATIONS 139

8．2 PARAMETER NON-LINEARITIES IN THE NORMAL OPERATING REGION 145

8．3 THE SYMMETRICAL TRANSISTOR EQUATIONS 149

8．4 COLLECTOR SATURATION CURRENTS 151

8．5 DIODE BREAKDOWN VOLTAGES 152

8．6 COLLECTOR BREAKDOWN VOLTAGES 154

8．7 EMITTER BREAKDOWN VOLTAGES 159

8．8 THERMAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR TRANSISTORS 160

8．9 A LARGE-SIGNAL EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT 163

8．10 BIBLIOGRAPHY 164

CHAPTER 9 Power Amplifiers 166

9．1 INTRODUCTION 166

9．2 MAXIMUM THEORETICAL OUTPUT POWERS 167

9．3 DISTRIBUTION OF POWER DISSIPATIONS WITHIN A TRANSISTOR 172

9．4 THERMAL RUNAWAY STABILITY FACTORS 173

9．5 CONVENTIONAL CLASS B CIRCUITS 178

9．6 COMPLEMENTARY CLASS B CIRCUITS 183

9．7 THE CLASS A-B PUSH-PULL CIRCUIT 185

9．8 BIBLIOGRAPHY 188

CHAPTER 10 Direct-Current Ampliflers 189

10．1 THE CONFLICT BETWEEN GAIN AND BIAS STABILITY IN A D-C AMPLIFIER 189

10．2 SINGLE-SIDED D-C AMPLIFIERS 190

10．3 THE DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER 194

10．4 OVER-ALL FEEDBACK FOR D-C AMPLIFIERS 198

10．5 THE CHOPPER AMPLIFIER 203

10．6 THE CHOPPER-STABILIZED D-C AMPLIFIER 204

10．7 THE AUTOMATIC-ZERO-SET D-C AMPLIFIER 205

10．8 BIBLIOGRAPHY 207

CHAPTER 11 Direct-Current Regulators 208

11．1 INTRODUCTION 208

11．2 THE ALLOY SILICON DIODE AS A VOLTAGE REFERENCE 210

11．3 THE REGULATION EQUATION 213

11．4 DIODE REGULATOR CIRCUITS 214

11．5 SHUNT REGULATOR CIRCUITS 215

11．6 A SERIES REGULATOR CIRCUIT 223

11．7 EMITTER-FOLLOWER REGULATOR CIRCUITS 224

11．8 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR D-C REGULATORS 226

11．9 BIBLIOGRAPHY 229

CHAPTER 12 High-Frequency Equivalent Circuits 231

12．1 INTRODUCTION 231

12．2 TWO-TERMINAL PAIR NETWORK REPRESENTATION 233

12．3 THE MAJOR PARTS OF A TRANSISTOR 239

12．4 BROADBAND ALPHA REPRESENTATION 241

12．5 INTRINSIC BROADBAND CIRCUITS 242

12．6 COMPLETE BROADBAND CIRCUITS 244

12．7 EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS FOR LIMITED BANDWIDTHS 247

12．8 BIBLIOGRAPHY 250

CHAPTER 13 Internal Feedback Compensation 251

13．1 INTRODUCTION 251

13．2 FEEDBACK REDUCTION BY MISMATCHING 252

13．3 UNILATERALIZATION AND NEUTRALIZATION 254

13．4 BIBLIOGRAPHY 261

CHAPTER 14 Video Amplifiers 262

14．1 DESIGN RESTRICTIONS FOR VIDEO AMPLIFIERS 262

14．2 TRANSISTOR GAIN-BANDWIDTH PRODUCTS 263

14．3 WIDE-BAND AMPLIFIERS WITHOUT FEEDBACK 265

14．4 WIDE-BAND AMPLIFIERS WITH SINGIE-STAGE FEEDRACK 267

14．5 WIDE-BAND AMPLIFIERS WITH TWO-STAGE FEEDBACK 268

14．6 BIBLIOGRAPHY 270

CHAPTER 15 Frequency-Selective Amplifiers 271

15．1 BASIC PASSIVE CIRCUITS FOR TUNED AMPLIFIERS 271

15．2 SINGLE-TUNED INTERSTAGE COUPLING NETWORKS 275

15．3 DOUBLE-TUNED AMPLIFIERS 283

15．4 FILTERS OR FREQUENCY-SHAPING NETWORKS 287

15．5 BIBLIOGRAPHY 292

CHAPTER 16 Gain Control 294

16．1 MANUAL GAIN CONTROL 294

16．2 AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL:INTERNAL 297

16．3 AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL:EXTERNAL 300

16．4 BIBLIOGRAPHY 303

CHAPTER 17 Sinusoidal Oscillators 304

17．1 LINEAR THEORY FOR OSCILLATORS 304

17．2 NEGATIVE-RESISTANCE OSCILLATORS 306

17．3 FEEDBACK OSCILLATORS 310

17．4 PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR OSCILLATORS 321

17．5 BIBLIOGRAPHY 323

CHAPTER 18 Modulation 324

18．1 INTRODUCTION 324

18．2 GENERAL AMPLITUDE-MODULATION CONSIDERATIONS 326

18．3 ＂LINEAR＂COLLECTOR MODULATION 327

18．4 ＂NON-LINEAR＂(SQUARE-LAW)BASE-EMITTER MODULATION 330

18．5 MODULATED OSCILLATORS 335

18．6 SIMPLE DETECTORS 336

18．7 BIBLIOGRAPHY 338

CHAPTER 19 Switching Theory 339

19．1 INTRODUCTION 339

19．2 SWITCHING STATICS 343

19．3 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS 352

19．4 SWITCHING DYNAMICS:OVER-ALL SWITCHING TIMES 357

19．5 SWITCHING DYNAMICS:INITIAL TRANSIENTS 368

19．6 BIBLIOGRAPHY 374

CHAPTER 20 Non-regenerative Switching Circuits 375

20．1 INTRODUCTION 375

20．2 HIGH-QUALITY SWITCHES 376

20．3 CLAMPING TECHNIQUES 382

20．4 INTRODUCTORY SWITCHING MATHEMATICS 386

20．5 D-c LOGIC CIRCUITS 390

20．6 SOME PULSE CIRCUITS 408

20．7 BIBLIOGRAPHY 411

CHAPTER 21 Regenerative Switching Circuits 412

21．1 A SCHMITT-TYPE TRIGGER 412

21．2 A BLOCKING OSCILLATOR 416

21．3 BASIC MULTIVIBRATOR CIRCUITS 420

21．4 FLIP-FLOPS 427

21．5 NEGATIVE-RESISTANCE SWITCHING CIRCUITS 435

21．6 BIBLIOGRAPHY 441

CHAPTER 22 Transister-Saturable Reactor Circuits 443

22．1 INTRODUCTION 443

22．2 THE TSR MULTIVIBRATOR 444

22．3 A TSR BLOCKING OSCILLATOR 454

22．4 SOME TSR COMPUTING CIRCUITS 456

22．5 BIBLIOGRAPHY 460

INDEX 463

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