Radioisotopes in Biology and Agriculture Principles and PracticePDF电子书下载

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Chapter 1．Principles of Tracer Methodology 1

DIRECT MOVEMENT OF ORGANISMS,ELEMENTS,AND COMPOUNDS 3

GROSS RATES OF MOVEMENT 5

SOME QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS 6

Concept of Specific Activity 7

Determination of Ion Movement under Conditions of No Net Mass Transfer 7

A Substitute for Difficult Chemical Analysis 8

Isotope Dilution 10

The Kinetic Approach 18

METABOLIC PATHWAYS 40

Biosynthesis 44

ADVANTAGES OF DOUBLE LABELING 44

MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS 47

Bioassays 47

Steric Relations and Enzyme Action 48

Radiocarbon Dating 49

Criteria for Blood Preservation 50

Study of Rooting Patterns 50

Chapter 2．Basic Difficulties in Tracer Methodology 59

CHEMICAL EFFECTS 59

RADIOCHEMICAL PURITY 61

Extraneous Elements 61

Chemical State 61

Radiocolloids 62

Parent-Daughter Relationships 63

Detection of Radioactive Impurities 64

Removal or Elimination of Radioactive Impurities 65

RADIATION EFFECTS 66

EXCHANGE REACTIONS 71

ISOTOPE EFFECTS 76

Chapter 3．Health Physics and Radiation Protection 83

Nomenclature and Units 84

External Hazards 89

Internal Hazards 96

Decontamination 99

Waste Disposal 101

Instrumentation for Radiation Protection 105

SUMMARY AND SUGGESTED WORKING RULES 107

Chapter 4．Facilities and Handling of Radioisotopes with Animals and Plants 114

LABORATORY DESIGN AND EQUIPMENT 114

General Features 114

Typical Floor Plans 115

Specifications 118

Hoods 121

Isotope Storage 123

Laboratory Equipment 125

PROCEDURES WITH ANIMALS 126

The Small-animal Colony 126

Metabolism and Collection Methods for Farm Animals 132

Administration of Radioisotopes to Animals 139

Collection of Blood Samples 147

PROCEDURES WITH PLANTS AND SOILS 148

Closed System for C14 Studies 148

Plant Injection 150

Miscellaneous Methods with Plants 152

Soil,Plant,and Fertilizer Methods 152

Chapter 5．General Procedures for Radioassay 158

PRETREATMENT OF SAMPLES 159

Collection 159

Weighing and Drying 159

Ashing 160

Preparation of Sample for Counting 167

SOME CONSIDERATIONS IN COUNTING PROCEDURES 172

Statistical Evaluation of Counting Errors 172

Comparison of Counter Sensitivities 174

Instrumental Counting Losses 175

Calibration Curves and Standards 176

Self-absorption of Beta Particles 177

INSTRUMENTATION AND METHODS 183

The Scaling Unit 184

Soft-beta Counting 186

Hard-beta Counting 187

Gamma Counting 188

Assay of Radioisotope Mixtures 189

In Vivo Measurements 192

EXPRESSION OF DATA 195

Chapter 6．Properties and Procedures for Individual Radioisotopes 201

Chapter 7．Autoradiography 324

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 325

Laboratory Requirements 325

Photographic Emulsions 325

Properties of the Radioisotope 327

Dosage of Isotope and Exposure Time 327

Handling of Tissues 328

SPECIFIC TECHNIQUES 332

Simple Apposition 332

Mounting Method 335

Coating Method 336

Stripping-film Method 338

APPLICATIONS 340

Chemical 340

Anatomical Relationships 342

Metabolic 345

Quantitative Aspects 353

INTERPRETATION 355

Chapter 8．Paper Chromatography 360

GENERAL METHODS 362

Chromatograph Chamber 362

Filter Paper 366

Application of Sample 367

Solvents 367

Detection of Spots 368

Quantitative Aspects 373

Use of an Electrical Field 373

ORGANIC SEPARATIONS 375

INORGANIC SEPARATIONS 375

APPLICATIONS 375

Chapter 9．Ion Exchange 387

GENERAL METHODS 388

Cation Exchangers 388

Anion Exchangers 388

GENERAL TECHNIQUES 388

Apparatus 391

Procedures 393

PHYSICAL BASIS OF SEPARATION 394

Ions of Opposite Charge 394

Ions from Nonelectrolytes 395

Substances of Different Aeidic or Basic Strength 395

Ions of Different Size 398

Conversion of Non-electrolytes to Ions by Complex Formation 398

TYPES OF APPLICATIONS 398

Removal of Impurities or Interfering Substances 400

Concentration of Trace Constituents 400

Separation of Materials 402

Estimation of Total Salt Concentration 404

Properties of Complex Ions 406

Miscellaneous Applications 407

Chapter 10．Radioactivation Analysis 413

PRINCIPLES 414

SENSITIVITY 415

SOURCES OF RADIATION 416

PROCEDURES 419

BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 420

Arsenic 420

Sodium and Potassium 421

Gold 422

Cobalt 423

Strontium 423

Rare Earths 424

MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS 425

Glossary of Selected Terms in Nuclear Science 427

Availability of U．S．Atomic Energy Commission Reports 444

Summary of Available Radioisotope Preparations 446

Name Index 453

Subject Index 465

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