THE CHANGING STRUCTURE OF INTERNATIONAL LAWPDF电子书下载

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PART ONE CHANGES IN THE STRUCTURE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND LAW 3

1.CHANGES IN THE ScOPE AND OBJEcTIVES OF INTERSTATE RELATIONS 3

Structure of International Relations in the Formative Era of International Law 4

The Changing Character of International Relations 5

The Impact of Democratisation 7

The Impact of Ideological Divisions 8

The Concern with International Economic Development 11

The Concern with Survival 12

The Futility of War 13

The Pursuit of Collective Security 15

The Politics of Coexistence 15

Concern for Survival： The Threat to Mankind’s Resources 16

2.GROUP LOYALTIES AND NATIONAL ALLEGIANCE IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 20

The Internationalisation of Economic Interests 21

Industrial Competition and International Cartels 25

Public Control over Private International Business Activities 26

Conflicts between Corporate Loyalties and Public National Policies 29

3.NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY IN OUR TIME 31

Small Nations and the United Nations 32

Great Powers and the United Nations 34

The Anachronism of National Sovereignty 35

International， Transnational and Supranational Society 37

4.THE ROLE.OF THE INDIVIDUAL IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 40

Welfare Philosophy and the Concern for the Common Man 40

The Helplessness of the Individual in Contemporary Society 42

5.CO-OPERATION AND CONFLIcT AMONG NATIONS 45

Power， Values， Ideology and Interest： Current Defiinitions 45

The “ National Interest ” 47

“ Power ” in International Relations 48

Ideals and Power in International Politics 50

Conflicts of Power， Conflicts of National Interest and Con-icts of Ideology 51

Conflicts of Power and Conflicts of Interest 53

National Interest， Value Conflicts and International Law 55

International Law as an Agent of Progress 58

6.THE CHANGING STRUCTURE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 60

The Three Levels of Contemporary International Law 60

The International Law of Coexistence 60

International Law of Co-operation： Universal Concerns 61

International Law of Co-operation： Regional Groupings 62

The New Dimensions of International Law 64

The Expanding Scope of International Law 67

PART TWO THE PLACE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 75

7.NATURAL LAW AND POSITIVISM IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 75

A Return to the Law of Nature？ 77

Antinomies in International Law 79

8.THE&REALITY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 81

Sovereignty and Sanction in International Law 82

Recognition and Observance as Foundations of International Law 86

Co-operative International Law and the Sanctions of Non-Participation 88

9.NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY AND SUPRANATIONAL ORDER IN THE EURO-PEAN COMMUNITIES 96

The Communities as a New International “ Order ” 96

The Constitutional Structure of the Communities 98

Law-Making Powers of the Communities and Their Relation to the National Legal Orders of the Community States 99

Community Norms and National Laws—The Question of Hierarchy 106

The Relation of Community Law to General International Law 110

Some Conclusions 113

PART THREE PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES OF LEGAL CHANGE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 117

10.PROCESSES AND INSTRUMENTALITIES OF LEGAL CHANGE IN INTER-NATIONAL LAw 117

Processes of Legal Change in Municipal Law 117

Legal Change in International Society—Some Characteristic Differences 118

The Sources of Modern International Law 120

Custom 121

Treaties 123

Modifications of the Unanimity Principle in Law-Making Treaties 125

Reservations to Multilateral Treaties 126

Departures from the Unanimity Rule in the Revision of Treaties 129

“ Inter-Temporal Law ” and Legal Change 130

Desuetude and Legal Change in International Law 132

International Agreements 134

The Role of Quasi-Legislative Bodies 135

The Role of Courts 141

The Role of National Courts 146

The Role of Doctrine 148

The Interaction of the Various Prc cesses of Legal Change—an Example 149

11.NEW FIELDs OF INTERNATIONAL LAw 152

A Preliminary Survey 152

International Constitutional Law 153

International Administrative Law 159

International Labour Law 162

International Criminal Law 167

International Commercial Law 170

International Economic Development Law 176

International Corporation Law 181

International Anti-Trust Law 184

International Tax Law 185

New Techniques in International Law 186

12.THE USES OF “ GENERAL PRINCIPLES ” IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 188

The Intermingling of Public and Private Law 190

The Use and Adaptation of General Principles of Law in the Evolution of Public International Law 195

Three Types of “ General Principles ” 196

12.THE USES OF “GENERAL PRINCIPLES” IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAw—continued. 200

International Concession Agreements and the Contrat Administrati f 200

Unjust Enrichment 206

PART FOUR THE NEW SUBJECTS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 213

13.PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL CORPORATIONS AS SUBJECTS OF INTER-NATIONAL LAw 213

The Privileged Position of States 213

The Status of Public International Corporations 216

The Intergovernmental Corporation of Private Law 219

14.PRIVATE CORPORATIONS AS SUBJECTS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 221

Legal Status of Private Corporations in the European Com-munities 224

Indirect Attempts to Strengthen the Position of Private Cor-porations in International Law 225

International Legal Controls over Private Corporations 228

15.THE INDIVIDUAL AS A SUBJECT OF INTERNATIONAL LAw 232

The Individual as a Subject of Rights in International Law 234

The Position of the Individual under the European Conven-tion of Human Rights 242

Group Representation of the Individual 244

The Legal Responsibility of Individuals in International Law 245

PART FIVE PROBLEMS AND TRENDS OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION 253

16.THE INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION OF SECURITY AND THE USE OF FORCE 253

The Defiinition of Aggression 254

Regional Defence Organisations 258

The Threat of Total Destruction and Self-Defence 259

“Indirect” Aggression， National Sovereignty， and Collective Security 262

Some Conclusions 273

17.TRENDS AND PATTERNS OF INTERNATIONAL WELFARE ORGANISATION 275

The Constitutional and the Functional Approach to Inter-national Organisation 275

17.TRENDS AND PATTERNS OF INTERNATIONAL WELFARE ORGANISATION—continued. 277

Patterns of Internatienal Organisation 277

The Interrelation of Objectives， Powers， and Extension in International Organisations 278

The European Communities and International Organisation 286

Legal Status， Financial Autonomy and the Trend of Inter- national Organisation 288

Operational Independence and Financial Autonomy 291

The Moral Personality of International Organisations 292

Conclusion 293

PART SIX MANKIND’S DIVISIONS AND THE UNIVERSALITY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 297

18.A UNIVERSAL INTERNATIONAL LAW OF COEXISTENCE AND THE WORLD’S MAJOR CULTURAL ORDERS 297

Minimum Conditions of Coexistence 298

National Sovereignty， Observance of Promises， and the Use of Force： A Comparison between the Attitudes of the Major Legal Order 298

The Western Democratic Approach 299

The Binding Character of Promises 300

National Interest and International Law 302

Latin American Attitudes 303

Islamic Legal Values and International Law 306

Hindu Philosophy and International Law 309

Chinese Civilisation and International Law 311

The Modem State Practice of Asian States 313

19.UNDERDEVELOPED COUNTRIES AND THE UNIVERSALITY OF INTER-NATIONAL LAW 317

Conflicts of Interest between Developed and Developing Countries 317

Disguise of Conflicts of Interest as Philosophies of Value 321

Panch Shila， Buddhism and Coexistence 322

20.CONFLICTS OF POLITICAL IDEOLOGY AND THE UNIVERSALITY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 325

Imperialist Systems and the Acceptance of International Law 325

Modern Communism and International Law 327

The Role of the Treaty in the Soviet Theory of International Law 333

Some Conclusions on the Communist Approach to Inter-national Law 336

21.STATE CONTROL OVER ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES AND THE UNIVERSALITY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 341

State Control and Private Trading—Myth and Reality 341

State Trading and Sovereign Immunities 343

State Trading and the Duties of Abstention in the Law of Neutrality 346

The Status of the Government-Trading Corporation in International Law 349

State Trading and the Most-Favoured-Nation Clause 352

State Trading and Restrictive Practices 356

Co-operation between State Traders and Private Traders 358

PART SEVEN 365

22.SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 365

Ⅰ.Changes in the Structure of International Relations 365

Ⅱ.The Place of International Law 369

Ⅲ.Principles and Processes of Change in International Law 370

Ⅳ.The New Subjects of International Law 374

Ⅴ.Scope and Patterns of International Organisation 376

Ⅵ.Mankind’s Divisions and the Universality of Inter-national Law 379

List of Writings Cited 383

Index 397

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