ON THE INTERPRETATION OF TREATIESPDF电子书下载

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1 Introduction 1

1 Purpose and Topic 1

2 The Legal Regime for the Interpretation of Treaties as a System of Rules 6

3 Basic Concepts Defiined 9

4 Method 13

5 Organisation of Work 19

6 Typographical Conventions Adhered to in this Work 20

2 The Rule of Interpretation 29

1 The Correct Meaning 29

2 How to Determine the Correct Meaning 33

3 How to Determine the Correct Meaning （cont’d） 38

4 How to Determine the Correct meaning （cont’d） 43

5 The Concept of a First-Order Rule of Interpretation 47

6 The Concept of a Second-Order Rule of Interpretation 52

3 Using Conventional Language （“the ordinary meaning”） 61

1 Introduction； in Particular， Regarding the Problem Caused by Social Variation in Language 62

2 Regarding the Problem Caused by Social Variation in Language （Cont’d） 67

3 Regarding the Problem Caused by Temporal Variation in Language 73

4 Regarding the Problem Caused by Temporal Variation in Language （cont’d） 79

5 Regarding the Problem Caused by Temporal Variation in Language （cont’d） 87

6 Conclusions 95

4 Using the Context： The “Text” of a Treaty 101

1 “［t］he text” 103

2 “［t］he text” Put to Use 105

3 “［t］he text” Put to Use： Different Words and Phrases Shall （sometimes） be Given Different Meanings 111

4 “［t］he text” Put to Use： No Logical Tautologies 117

5 Conclusions 124

5 Using the Context： The Elements Set Out in VCLT Article 31§ 2（A） and （B） 133

1 The Meaning of Subparagraph （a）： Introduction 134

2 The Meaning of Subparagraph （a）： “any agreement 138

3 The Meaning of Subparagraph （b） 147

4 The “agreement” and the “instrument” Put to Use 151

5 Conclusions 154

6 Using The Context： The Elements Set Out in VCLT Article 31 § 3 161

1 Subparagraph （a） 162

2 Subparagraph （b）： Introduction 165

3 Subparagraph （b）： The Expression “agreement 171

4 Subparagraph （c）： Introduction 177

5 The Meaning of Subparagraph （c）： “applicable 182

6 The Contextual Elements Put to Use 189

7 Conclusions 192

7 Using the Object and Purpose 203

1 On the Meaning of “object and purpose” in General 204

2 “［o］bject and purpose” - one Concept or Two？ Moreover， Regarding the Variation of an Object and Purpose Over Time 207

3 Treaties with Several Objects and Purposes 211

4 The “object and purpose” Put to Use 217

5 The “object and purpose” Put to Use （Cont’d） 221

6 Conclusions 227

8 Using the Supplementary Means of Interpretation 235

1 The Meaning of “supplementary means of interpretation 238

2 “［t］he preparatory work of the treaty 240

3 “［t］he circumstances of ［the treaty’s］ conclusion 246

4 Other Supplementary Means of Interpretation： Ratifiication Work 249

5 Other Supplementary Means of Interpretation： Treaties in Pari Materia 255

6 Other Supplementary Means of Interpretation： The Context 259

7 The “supplementary means of interpretation” Put to Use 265

8 Conclusions 269

9Using Supplementary Means of Interpretation （Cont’d） 279

1 The Rule of Restrictive Interpretation 280

2 The Principle of Contra Proferentem 284

3 Exceptions Shall be Narrowly Interpreted 286

4 The Rule of Necessary Implication 287

5 Interpretation Per Analogiam 294

6 Interpretation Per Argumentum a Fortiori 297

7 Interpretation Per Argumentum e Contrario 299

8 The Principle of Ejusdem Generis 303

9 Other Claimed Interpretation Rules 310

10 The Relationships Between Different Means of Interpretation 321

1 The Relationship Between Primary and Supplementary Means of Interpretation： an Introduction 322

2 The Relationship Between Primary and Supplementary Means of Interpretation： the Second-Order Rule as a Conclusive Reason or as a Reason Pro Tanto 326

3 The Expression “ambiguous or obscure 331

4 The Expression “leads to a result which is manifestly absurd or unreasonable 334

5 The Expression “leads to a result which is manifestly absurd or unreasonable” （Cont’d） 337

6 The Expression “leads to a result which is manifestly absurd or unreasonable” （Cont’d） 340

7 The Relationship Between Primary Means of Interpretation and Supplementary Means of Interpretation， Respectively 343

8 Conclusions 348

11 The Special Rule Regarding the Interpretation of Treaties Authenticated in Two or More Languages 355

1 General Observations on the Methods of Reconciliation 358

2 Regarding the Method Described in VCLT Article 33 § 4 361

3 Regarding the Method Described in VCLT Article 33 § 4 （cont’d） 364

4 Conclusions 369

12 Reflecting on the Outcome： International Law on a Scale Between Radical Legal Skepticism and the One-right-answer Thesis 373

1 Determining the Contents of the Means of Interpretation 375

2 Establishing Relationships Assumed in the Rules of Interpretation 379

3 Resolving Conflicts Occurring in the Application of the First-Order Rules of Interpretation 384

Annex 387

List of Sources 397

Index 409

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