TJE COMFLICT OF LAWS IIIPDF电子书下载

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PART NINE. SPECIAL OBLIGATIONS 3

CHAPTER 34. MONEY LOANS AND DEPOSITS 3

Ⅰ. Money Loans 3

1. Municipal Differences 3

Contracts involved 4

Rights involved 4

2. Connecting Factors 4

(a) Place of contracting 4

(b) The debtor's domicil 4

(c) Place of repayment 5

(d) The creditor's domicil 6

(e) Place of using the money 6

3. Rationale 7

(a) Individually determined loans 7

(b) Mass operation by financial institutions 8

4. The Obligation to Give the Loan 10

Ⅱ. Bonds (Debentures) 10

(a) American loans of the 1920's 11

(b) Decisive connection 11

Ⅲ. Loans to States 14

Ⅳ. Money Deposits 16

CHAPTER 35. SPECIAL PROBLEMS OF MONEY OBLIGATIONS 18

Ⅰ. Municipal Laws 18

A. Nominalism 18

1. Devaluation 18

2. Protective Stipulations 20

Gold coin clause 20

Gold value clause 22

Gold bullion clause 23

Other clauses 24

3. Legislation against Protective Clauses 24

(a) Gold clauses 24

(b) French doctrine 24

B. Foreign Money Debts 25

1. Right to Conversion 26

2. Judicial Conversion 27

C. International Bond Issues 29

1. Option of Currency (Option de Change) 30

2. Option of Collection (Option de Place) 31

Ⅱ. Conflict of Laws 32

A. Lex Pecuniae 32

B. Lex Contractus 33

1. Content of Debt 33

2. Default 34

3. Revalorization 34

4. Gold Clause 35

The international scope of the Joint Resolution 36

Exceptional statutes 37

French doctrine of international payment 38

Law of place of payment 39

Public policy (situs of the bond) 40

Public policy (place of collection) 40

C. Scope of Lex Loci Solutionis 41

D. Option of Currency 43

E. Moratorium and Exchange Restrictions 46

(a) Moratorium 46

(b) Exchange restrictions 48

Procedural theory 48

Public policy 49

Is the law of the place of payment influential? 50

CHAPTER 36.SALES OF MOVABLES 51

Ⅰ. Laws and Drafts 51

1. Inadequate Proposals 51

(a) Application of general conflicts rules 51

(b) Cases without a problem 52

(c) Special considerations 54

2. The Important Contacts 54

(a) The law of the seller 54

(b) The law of the buyer 56

(c) The law of the shipping place 59

F.o.b.contract 60

C.i.f.contract 61

Ⅱ. The Significance of Shipment and Analogous Acts 62

1. The Concept of Delivery to the Carrier 62

2. Shipment and Conflicts Law 65

Shipment in a third country 66

Ⅲ. Conclusion 67

What is a party's place 70

Ⅳ. Special Kinds of Movables 71

1. Sales on Exchange 71

2. Other Sales under Administrative Control 72

Registered chattels--ships 72

3. Patent Rights 73

4. Copyright 74

CHAPTER 37. SALES OF GOODS:SCOPE OF RULE 76

Ⅰ. Contract and Property 76

1. Translative Effect of Contract 76

Cleavage of municipal systems 76

Classification 78

Consequences 79

2. "Conditional Sales" (Sales with Transfer of Title on Condition of Payment) 82

3. Unpaid Seller's Privilege 85

4. Risk of Loss 87

Ⅱ. Various Incidents 91

1. Warranty of Quality 91

(a) American decisions 91

(b) Civil law doctrines 92

(c) Duty of giving notice 93

(d) Method of examination 94

(e) Time for notice of defects 95

(f) Custody of rejected goods 95

2. Collateral Duties 96

(a) Tender of documents 96

(b) Furnishing letter of credit 97

3. Measure of Damages 98

4. Specific Performance 98

5. Special Kinds of Sales 99

Ⅲ. Party Autonomy and Public Policy 100

CHAPTER 38.SALE OF IMMOVABLES 101

Ⅰ. What Law Governs the Contract 101

1. Lex Situs Compulsory 101

2. Lex Loci Contractus 103

3. Subsidiary Rule of Lex Situs 104

Exceptions 105

Equitable remedies 107

Ⅱ. Form and Capacity 108

1. Form 108

2. Capacity 109

Ⅲ. Covenants for Title 110

Geiszler v.De Graaf 113

Smith v.Ingram 115

Ⅳ. Laesio Enormis (Inadequacy of Consideration) 117

CHAPTER 39. REPRESENTATION 121

Ⅰ. Dependence on Municipal Doctrines 121

1. Three Main Doctrines 121

(a) Doctrine of mandate 122

(b) Incident of main contract 122

(c) Modern theory 123

2. Agency (Mandate) and Authorization 123

Terminology 129

3. Fiction of Identity 131

4. The Developed Systems 135

Ⅱ. Anglo-American Formulations of the Conflicts Rules 137

1. Dicey 137

2. Restatement 138

3. Encyclopedias 139

Ⅲ. The Three Subject Matters of Conflicts Law 139

1. Authority 139

2. Underlying Relationship 140

3. External Relationship 140

CHAPTER 40. AUTHORITY 143

Ⅰ. The Conflicts Rules 143

1. Policies of Conflicts Rules 143

2. Authorizations Internationally Determined by Their Source 146

(a) Shipmaster's powers 146

(b) Legal authority 148

3. Authorization Determined by Local Law 150

(a) Former views: Law of the principal 150

(b) Local law 151

England 153

Germany 154

France 154

United States 154

Latin America 156

(c) Limitations on the local law: Types of agents 156

Kinds of problems 158

(d) The Restatement 159

4. Consideration of the Principal's Law 161

Ⅱ. The Definition of Local Law 162

1. Various Views 162

(a) Lex loci contractus of the main contract 163

(b) Law of the agent's domicil 163

(c) Law of the place of operation 164

2. Rationale 165

Conclusion 167

Ⅲ. Scope of the Local Law 168

1. Validity of Authority 168

(a) Form 168

(b) Capacity 170

(c) Intrinsic requirements 170

2. Implied Authority 171

3. Ratification 174

(a) Normal rule 175

(b) Soliciting agent 176

(c) Abnormal solution 176

4. Termination 178

(a) Death of principal 179

(b) Revocation 179

CHAPTER 41. EMPLOYMENT AND AGENCY 181

Ⅰ. The Subject Matter 181

Ⅱ. Master and Servant 184

1. Lex Loci Contractus 184

2. Law of the Master's Domicil 186

3. Law of the Servant's Working Place 187

(a) Domestic working place 187

(b) Domestic or foreign working place 188

4. Special Rules 189

5. Public Law and Public Policy 190

(a) Public law 190

(b) Collective labor agreements 191

(c) Public policy 192

Ⅲ. Independent Agents 194

1. Rule 194

2. Public Professions 195

(a) Attorneys 195

(b) Physicians 195

3. Commercial Agents 195

(a) Permanent Agents 195

(b) Brokers and occasional agents 198

(c) Real-estate broker 202

4. Public Policy 203

CHAPTER 42. WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION 204

Ⅰ. The Substantive Law 204

1. Municipal Systems 204

2. International Treaties 207

Ⅱ. Nature of Conflicts 207

Ⅲ. The Theories 209

1. Tort Theory 209

2. Contracts Theory 211

(a) Lex loci contractus 211

(b) Proper law 212

(c) Contracting and residence required 213

3. Law of the Place of Employment 214

(a) In general 214

(b) Place of employment 215

(c) Regular work in the state 216

(d) Self-sufficiency of the test 218

4. Social Insurance System 219

5. International Treaties 221

Ⅳ. Concurrence of Claims 222

1. Compensation and Tort Actions 222

2. Several Compensation Acts 224

3. American Constitution 225

(a) Legislative power 225

(b) Force of awards 228

Ⅴ. Conclusions 229

CHAPTER 43. MARITIME TRANSPORTATION OF GOODS 231

Ⅰ. Introduction 231

1. Conflicts and Unification 231

2. Types of Contracts Involved 232

(a) Lease of vessel 232

Demise 233

Bareboat lease 233

(b) Charter party (affreightment by charter) 234

(c) Carriage by general ship (Stuckguter-Frachtvertrag:affreightment with bill of lading) 235

(d) Purpose of the distinction 236

3. Carrier 237

Private carrier 237

Forwarding agent (French "commissionaire," German "Spediteur") 237

4. Transportation Contract and Bill of Lading 238

Ⅱ. Main Systems of Conflicts Law 239

1. Choice of Law by the Parties 239

2. United States 240

Not the law of the flag 240

General maritime law? 241

Lex loci contractus 242

3. Great Britain 245

4. France and Belgium 249

5. Germany 251

6. The Netherlands 253

7. Codigo Bustamante 255

8. Latin-American Public Policy 255

Law of the place of performance compulsory 255

Law of the place of contracting compulsory 256

CHAPTER 44. MARITIME CARRIAGE OF GOODS: COMPARATⅣE CONFLICTS LAW 257

Ⅰ. The Contacts 257

1. Obsolete Connections 257

(a) General maritime law 257

(b) Place of accident 257

2. The Flag 258

3. Domicil of the Shipowner 261

4. Place of Contracting 263

5. Port of Destination 264

6. Port of Dispatch 265

7. Subsidiary Lex Fori 267

8. Public Policy 267

9. Conclusion 268

(a) Ordinary carriage 268

(b) Charter parties 268

Ⅱ. Scope of the Law of the Contract 270

1. In General 270

2. Formalities of Contracting 271

3. Interpretation of the Contract 272

4. Rights Flowing from a Bill of Lading 273

(a) Formalities 273

(b) The authority of the master 273

(c) The effects of endorsement 274

(d) Remaining problems 274

Law of the port of destination 274

Law of the port of dispatch 276

Rationale 277

4. Distance Freight 280

5. Right of Payment for Freight after Delivery 281

Ⅲ. Special Laws 281

1. Port Regulations 281

2. Lex Loci Solutionis 283

(a) Modalities of performance 283

(b) Broader statements 283

(c) Custody in case of refused acceptance 286

(d) As imperative law 287

Ⅳ. Loss of Rights of the Consignee 287

1. Failure to give Notice of Loss or Damage 287

Stipulation limiting the time for claims 289

2. Limitation of Actions 290

CHAPTER 45. OTHER TRANSPORTATION CONTRACTS 291

Ⅰ. Maritime Transportation of Persons 291

1. Lex Loci Contractus 291

2. Other Contacts 292

3. Special Laws 293

4. Conclusion 293

Ⅱ. Maritime Transportation of Baggage 294

Ⅲ. Fluvial Transport 295

Ⅳ. Land Transportation 296

1. Carriage of Goods 298

Law of the place of shipping 298

Law of the place of loss 299

Law of the place of destination 300

Special law 300

2. Carriage of Persons 301

Ⅴ. Air Transportation 302

1. The Warsaw Convention 302

2. Relation to National Laws 304

Death of passengers 305

3. The Remaining Problems 307

Ⅵ. Mixed Through Carriage 307

CHAPTER 46. INSURANCE 311

Ⅰ. American Law 311

1. Judicial Doctrine 311

(a) Beale 311

(b) Batiffol 312

(c) Carnahan 314

(d) Conclusion 316

2. Statutes 317

3. Federal Constitution 322

4. Fraternal Benefit Associations in Particular 324

5. A Reform Attempt 325

Ⅱ. Foreign Laws 327

1. Traditional Tests 327

Lex loci contractus 327

Law common to the parties 327

Lex loci solutionis 328

2. Proper Law 328

3. The Law of the Insurer 329

4. State Supervision and the Situation of the Risk 334

Ⅲ. Conclusions 336

1. Special Choice of Law 337

(a) Party autonomy 337

(b) Special stituations 338

2. Life Insurance: Law of the Residence of the Insured 339

(a) Delivery of policy 339

(b) Inhabitants 339

(c) Law of licensing state 340

(d) Law of the state supervising the contract 341

3. The Law of Situs 341

4. Various Kinds of Insurance 342

5. Proposals 343

CHAPTER 47. SURETYSHIP 344

Ⅰ. Survey 344

1. The Object of the Rule 344

2. Independence of the Rule 345

Ⅱ. Contacts 348

1. United States 348

2. Other Countries 350

3. Conclusion 352

Ⅲ. Scope of the Rule 352

1. Extent of Liability 353

2. Paying Surety as Assignee 355

3. Termination 356

4. Retribution and Exoneration 356

Ⅳ. Plurality of Sureties 357

1. Law Common to Cosureties 357

2. Different Laws 358

Ⅴ. Currency Restrictions 359

CHAPTER 48. EXTRACONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS 361

Ⅰ. Voluntary Agency (Negotiorum Gestio) 361

1. Usual Conflicts Theories 362

2. Distinctions 363

3. Maritime Assistance and Salvage 365

Ⅱ. Unjust Enrichment 366

A. In General 366

B. The Conflicts Theories 368

1. Connection with a Fact 368

(a) Place of enriching act 368

(b) Other connections 369

2. Law of the Relationship Causing Enrichment 370

C. Rationale 372

1. Theoretical Approach 372

2. Historical Reminder 375

D. Illustrations 376

1. Family Law 376

2. Rescission and Avoidance of Contract 376

3. Performance Without Just Cause--Upon an Assumed Pre-existing Obligation 377

4. Without an Assumed Pre-existing Obligation 378

Ⅲ. General Average 379

PART TEN. MODIFICATION AND DISCHARGE OF OBLIGATIONS 385

CHAPTER 49. VOLUNTARY ASSIGNMENT OF SIMPLE DEBTS 385

Ⅰ. The Problem 385

1. Municipal Differences 385

2. The Nature of Assignment 388

Scope of discussion 390

3. The Relationships Involved 391

Ⅱ. The Main Conflicts Systems 391

1. Situs Doctrine 391

2. England 393

3. United States 395

4. Germany and Switzerland 396

5. France 398

6. The Netherlands 399

7. Comparison 400

Ⅲ. Classification 401

1. Formalities 401

2. Capacity 404

3. Assignability 406

(a) Legal restrictions on assignment 406

(b) Formalities or conditions stipulated 407

(c) Lex Anastasiana 408

(d) Partial assignment 408

4. Relation between Assignee and Debtor 409

5. The Promise to Assign 410

Effects 412

6. The Transfer 413

Formation 413

Scope 415

Ⅳ. Protection of Good Faith 417

1. Fundamental Distinction 417

2. Protection of the Debtor 420

(a) Municipal systems 420

(b) Conflicts rules 422

(ⅰ) Law of the assignment 422

(ⅱ) Law of the debt 423

(ⅲ) Law of the debtor's domicil 424

(ⅳ) Lex loci solutionis 426

(ⅴ) Rationale 426

3. Priority of Assignees 428

(a) Municipal systems 428

(b) Conflicts law 430

(c) United States:Accounts receivable 430

(d) Other assignments 432

Ⅴ. Contacts 433

Assignee--debtor 433

Assignor--assignee 433

Debtor's protection 434

CHAPTER 50. OTHER TRANSFERS OF SIMPLE DEBTS 435

Ⅰ. Transfer of Claims by Law 435

1. Subrogation by Law 435

2. Other Transfers by Law 441

"Provision" 441

A General Rule? 443

Ⅱ. Transfer of Liability 444

Ⅲ. Novation 446

Ⅳ. Jurisdiction for Garnishment 448

1. Domicil of the Original Debtor 449

2. The Garnishee's Domicil 450

France 450

Germany 451

3. Personal Jurisdiction over the Garnishee 453

United States 454

4. Double Payment of the Debt 456

5. Conclusion 457

CHAPTER 51. SETOFF AND COUNTERCLAIM (COMPENSATION) 458

Ⅰ. Anglo-American Law 458

1. Institutions Involved 458

2. Conflicts Principle 460

3. Foreign Compensation in Common Law Courts 461

4. Application in Civil Law Courts 462

Ⅱ. Civil Law 464

1. Institutions Involved 464

2. Conflicts Theories 465

(a) Lex fori 466

(b) Laws of both debts cumulatively 466

(c) Law of the principal claim 467

3. Rationale 468

Conclusion 472

Ⅲ. Contract of Compensation 473

CHAPTER 52. STATUTES OF LIMITATION 475

Ⅰ. Preliminary Observations 475

1. The Problem 475

2. Historical Note 477

Ⅱ. Municipal Concepts 482

1. Main Features of Limitation 482

(a) Lapse of time 482

(b) Defensive Remedy 482

(c) Waiver 484

(d) Effect 484

(e) Natural obligation 486

2. Limitation and Preclusion 487

3. Right and Remedy 489

4. Contrasting Legislative Policies 492

5. Comparative Conclusion 493

CHAPTER 53. STATUTES OF LIMITATION: COMPARATIVE CONFLICTS LAW 495

Ⅰ. The Conflicts Theories 495

1. Procedural Theory 495

(a) Anglo-American principle 495

(b) Former Continental following 495

(c) Present following 496

2. The Situs Theory 496

3. Substantive Theory 499

(a) Antiquated theories 500

Law of the debtor's domicil 501

Lex loci solutionis 501

Lex loci contractus 502

(b) Lex contractus 502

4. Choice of Law by the Parties 503

Ⅱ. Compromises 504

(a) Basic Anglo-American exception 504

Special statutory liabilities 505

(b) Borrowing statutes 508

(c) Continental proposals 511

(d) Contractual and corporative limitations 512

(e) Federal characterization 512

Ⅲ. The Role of Public Policy 513

Ⅳ. The International Problem 517

1. Characterization According to Lex Fori 517

2. Characterization According to Lex Causae (Secondary Characterization) 519

3. Characterization According to Comparative Analysis 521

4. Conclusion 521

Ⅴ. Scope of the Rule 522

TABLES 525

BIBLIOGRAPHY 527

TABLE OF STATUTES 543

TABLE OF ANGLO-AMERICAN CASES 565

CORRECTIONS TO VOLUMES ONE AND TWO 593

INDEX 595

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