COASTAL AND OCEAN MANAGEMET LAW IN A NUTSHELLPDF电子书下载

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Introduction 1

Chapter Ⅰ. Public and Private Rights in the Coastal Zone 8

A. Ownership of Land and Resources in the Coastal Zone 8

B. The Boundary Between Public and Private Lands 11

C. Ambulatory Boundaries 13

D. The Significance of Public Ownership 18

1. The Public Trust Doctrine 18

2. The Geographic Scope of the Public Trust Doctrine 20

3. Divestment of Public Trust Lands 23

E. Rights of Riparian or Littoral Owners 29

1. The Scope of Riparian or Littoral Rights 29

2. Limits on Riparian Rights—The Navigation Servitude 34

Chapter Ⅱ. Preserving Shore Rights and Resources 39

A. Public Access to Beaches and Shores 39

1. Public Easements by Prescription 40

2. Implied Dedication 42

3. Customary Use 44

A. Public Access to Beaches and Shores-Continued 45

4. The Public Trust Doctrine 45

5. Statutes and Regulations 47

6. The Nature of a Public Easement 49

B. Regulation of Coastal Development 51

1. Limiting Infrastructure Funding 51

2. Coastal Construction Regulation 54

C. Protecting Coastal Wetlands 60

D. Coastal Resources Management and the Takings Issue 67

1. Public Beach Access 73

2. Coastal Construction Regulation 75

3. Wetlands Regulation 80

Chapter Ⅲ. Cooperative Management of Ocean and Coastal Resources 83

A. Ocean Jurisdictional Zones and Boundaries 83

1. International Jurisdictional Zones 84

a. The Territorial Sea 84

b. The Contiguous Zone 85

c. The Continental Shelf 86

d. Fishery Zones and Exclusive Economic Zones 86

e. The High Seas 87

f. The International Seabed Area 87

2. Domestic Jurisdiction-The Tidelands Controversy and the Submerged Lands Act 87

B. Management of Fishery Resources 95

1. Historical Background of State Fisheries Management 95

2. Federal Fisheries Management 99

3. Federalism and Fisheries Management After Enactment of the MFCMA 106

a. Interpretation of "Registered" 107

b. Federal Preemption 109

c. Other Constitutional Challenges 112

d. Enforcement Issues 115

C. Coastal Zone Management 116

1. Framework of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 116

2. Development and Approval of State Programs 119

3. Operation of the CZMA 124

a. Programmatic Approaches 124

b. Coastal Zone Boundaries 125

c. The CZMA and the Commerce Clause 127

4. Intergovernmental Cooperation and the CZMA-The Federal Consistency Requirement 128

a. Effects Triggering Consistency Review 134

b. Maximum Extent Practicable 136

c. Positive Consistency 138

d. Appealing Consistency Determinations 140

D. Management of Special Areas 144

1. The National Estuarine Research Reserve System 144

2. National Marine Sanctuaries 145

Chapter Ⅳ. Offshore Resource Management 149

A. Oil and Gas Development on the Outer Continental Shelf 149

1. The OCSLA Leasing and Development Program 151

a. The Five-Year Lease Program 151

b. The Lease Sale 155

c. Exploration and Development Plans 167

2. OCS Revenue Sharing 169

B. Marine Minerals Mining 171

1. OCS Hard Mineral Mining 171

2. Deep Seabed Hard Mineral Resources 174

C. Marine Salvage and Historic Preservation 175

1. Background 175

2. The Abandoned Shipwreck Act of 1987 184

D. Management of Protected and Endangered Marine Species 189

1. Whales 189

a. Background 189

b. The 1946 International Whaling Convention 190

c. United States' Enforcement of the International Whaling Convention 195

d. Other United States Action to Protect Whales 202

D. Management of Protected and Endangered Marine Species-Continued 203

2. Marine Mammal Protection 203

a. The Marine Mammal Protection Act 203

b. Marine Mammal-Fisheries Interactions 212

(1) The Tuna-Dolphin Controversy 212

(2) Incidental Taking in Other Commercial Fisheries 216

(3) High Seas Driftnet Fisheries 220

c. Marine Mammal Protection and GATT 221

3. The Endangered Species Act 232

Chapter Ⅴ. Pollution and the Marine Environment 242

A. Oil Pollution and Oil Spills 243

1. The International Regime 243

2. Domestic Oil Pollution Regulation 250

a. Prohibitions and Enforcement Under the Clean Water Act Section 311 251

b. Liability for Clean Up Costs and Damages 259

(1) Traditional Maritime Tort and Common Law Remedies 259

(2) The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 262

(3) Which Law? 274

(4) Pollution Prevention and Spill Response 281

B. Ocean Dumping 283

C. Persistent Marine Debris-Plastics 291

D. The Law of the Sea Convention and Marine Pollution 294

Chapter Ⅵ. Domestic Ocean Policy and the Law of the Sea 297

A. The Current Context of the Law of the Sea 297

B. The Territorial Sea 303

1. Baselines 306

2. Rights and Duties of Coastal Nations-Navigation 310

C. The Continental Shelf 318

D. Fishery and Exclusive Economic Zones 322

E. The High Seas 326

F. The International Seabed Area 330

1. The International Seabed Regime of the Los Convention 331

2. The United States Objections 332

3. The Seabed Provisions and the Future of the Los Convention 334

G. Maritime Boundary Delimitation 335

1. Background 335

2. United States Maritime Boundaries 341

a. Cuba-United States Boundary 342

b. Mexico-United States Boundaries 342

c. Soviet Union (Russia)-United States Boundary 343

d. U.S. Possessions and Territories 344

G. Maritime Boundary Delimitation-Continued 344

e. United States-Canada Boundary in the Gulf of Maine 344

H. Marine Scientific Research 350

Chapter Ⅶ. UNCED and the Marine Environment 358

A. Background 358

B. The Action Plan for the Oceans 360

1. Marine Environmental Protection 361

2. High Seas Marine Living Resources 361

3. Climate Change 363

INDEX 365

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