NON-VIOLATION COMPLAINTS IN WTO LAW THEORY AND PRACYICEPDF电子书下载

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Part One The Concept of Non-Violation Nullification or Impairment in WTO Law 3

Ⅰ.OUTLINE OF DISSERTATION 3

A.Non-Violation Complaints and GATT/WTO Jurisprudence 3

1.Negotiated Balance of Rights and Obligations in WTO 3

2.Non-Violation Complaints and Balance of Rights and Obligations 6

B.Aims and Structure of Dissertation 9

1.Aims of Dissertation 9

2.Structure of Dissertation 9

Ⅱ.SIGNIFICANCE OF NON-VIOLATION COMPLAINTS 11

A.In General 11

1.Non-Violation as a Balancing Mechanism of Benefit 11

2.Theoretical Significance of Non-Violation Complaints 14

3.Practical Significance of Non-Violation Complaints 16

B.The Origins of Non-Violation Complaints 20

1.Historical Origin of Non-Violation Complaints till GATT 47 20

2.Institutional Origin of Non-Violation Complaints 29

3.Non-Violation Concept Elsewhere 42

Ⅲ.THE DEVELOPMENT OF NON-VIOLATION COMPLAINTS 45

A.Non-Violation Complaints in GATT 47 45

B.Non-Violation Complaints in WTO Agreements 49

1.In General 49

2.General Agreement on Trade in Services(GATS) 52

3.Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property(TRIPS) 58

4.Anti-Competition Practices (Competition Policies) 66

5.WTO Jurisprudence 71

6.Survey of Non-Violation Complaints Cases:1948 ~ 2005 78

7.The Jurisprudential Implications of Non-Violation:Sources Argument 80

Part Two The Established Interpretation of Non-Violation Complaints 87

Ⅳ.ESTABLISHED TREATY INTERPRETATION 87

A.Overview of the Vienna Convention Articles 31 and 32 87

1.In General 87

2.Uniformity and Flexibility in Interpretation 88

3.Textual ism and Intentionalism 90

4.Coherent Interpretation between Two Sides 95

B.Typology of Interpretation of Non-Violation Complaints 97

1.Four Types of Interpretation 97

2.Textual Interpretation of Article XXIII:1(b) 98

3.Contextual Interpretation of Article XXIII:1(b) 101

4.Historical Interpretation of Article XXIII:1(b)of GATT 105

5.Teleological Interpretation of Article XXIII:1(b) 108

6.Summary:Coordination of Various Interpretations 112

Ⅴ.THREE REQUIREMENTS OF NON-VIOLATION COMPLAINTS 115

A.In General 115

B.Application of a Measure 117

1.Notion of Measure 117

2.Application 121

C.An Accruing Benefit 122

1.Nature of"Benefit" 122

2.Legitimately Expected Benefits 125

D."Nullified or Impaired ...as the Result of"(Causation) 126

1.Nullification or Impairment 126

2.Causation("As the Result")of Non-Violation Complaints 131

3.Remedy 139

E.Different Scope of Interpretation 144

1.Narrow Interpretation(Restrictive Approach) 144

2.Broader Interpretation(Expansive Approach) 148

3.Two Variables Differentiating the Approaches 150

Part Three Refining the Interpretation of Non-Violation Complaints 155

Ⅵ.NON-VIOLATION COMPLAINTS IN INTERNATIONAL JURISPRUDENCE 155

A.General Jurisprudential Relevance of Non-Violation to Sources Argument 155

1.In Public International Law 155

2.In WTO Law 159

B.Procedural Relevance of Non-Violation to Causes of Action 162

1.Text in terms of Positive and Normative Dimensions 162

2.Text in terms of Consistent Rule-Making 165

Ⅶ.THEORETICAL PRESUMPTIONS OF THE REFINED INTERPRETATION 167

A.Non-Violation Complaints in Legal Theory 167

B.Theories Underlying the Refined Interpretation 173

1.Different Theories of International Law 173

2.New International Law Process as a Counterpositivistic Approach 178

C.Dimensional Interpretation 184

1.Dimension of Gathering Legal Data of Non-Violation Complaints 184

2.Dimension of Analytic Studies of Non-Violation Complaints 186

3.Dimension of Normative Studies of Non-Violation Complaints 188

Ⅷ.INSTITUTIONAL PRESUMPTIONS OF THE REFINED INTERPRETATION 191

A.Non-Violation under Rule-Oriented Dispute Settlement Mechanism 191

1.Dispute,Negotiation and Adjudication 191

2.Characteristics of the Two Models 193

3.Desirable Model 194

4.Characteristics of Present WTO System:Mixed Character 196

B.Rule-Oriented WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism 200

1.Dispute Settlement Mechanism of GAT 47 200

2.Dispute Settlement Mechanism of WTO 203

C.Dual Approach in Resolving Non-Violation Complaints 207

1.Two Aspects of WTO Rules 207

2.Two Modes for Resolving Non-Violation Complaints 212

Ⅸ.COHERENCE AS INTERPRETATIVE GUIDELINE OF ARTICLE XXIII:1 217

A.Institutional Necessity for Coherent Interpretation:"Constitutionalisation" 217

1.Necessity from Institutional Presumption 217

2.Constitutionalisation of WTO DSM(1) 219

B.Theoretical Necessity for Coherent Interpretation 222

1.Necessity from Theoretical Presumption 222

2.Constitutionalisation of WTO DSM(2) 223

C.The Notion of Coherence 224

1.Internal Coherence of Text of Article XXIII:1(b) 226

2.External Coherence of Text of Article XXIII:1(b) 227

Part Four Transforming the Non-Violation into Liability 231

Ⅹ.INTERNAL COHERENCE AS AN ANALYTIC APPROACH 231

A.Structure of"Benefit"in GATT XXIII:1 231

1.In General:Definitional Exactness and Reciprocity 231

2.Definitional Exactness and Benefit 232

3.Reciprocity and Benefit 234

B.Two-tried Track in"Benefits"of Article XXIII:1 237

1.From"Benefits"to"Rights" 237

2.Relationship between two Kinds of Benefits 243

C.Corresponding Structure of Obligations 246

1.Specific Obligations in Article XXIII:1(a) 246

2.General Obligations in Article XXIII:1(b) 247

3.Relationship of General Obligation to Legitimate Expectation 249

D.Non-Violation as State Liability 251

Ⅺ.EXTERNAL COHERENCE AS A NORMATIVE APPROACH 257

A.General Principles of International Law 257

B.Roles of"Objective"of GATT Article XXIII:1 268

1.In General 268

2.GATT/WTO Jurisprudence on Objective 270

3.Bridging Role between Specific and General Obligations 274

Ⅻ.STANDARDS DEFINING THE SCOPE OF NON-VIOLATION COMPLAINTS 277

A.Introduction 277

B.Compensatory Adjustment Standard 280

1.Relevant Cases:Citrus and Uruguayan Recourse 280

2.Some Weaknesses of Compensatory Adjustment Standard 282

C.Expectation Standard 283

1.In General 283

2.Competitive Relationship Test 288

3.Market Access Test 291

CONCLUSION 295

INDEX 299

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