THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEM FIFTH EDITIONPDF电子书下载

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CHAPTER1.Application of the Law of the International System 1

A.Application Within National Legal Systems 8

1.Rules of Customary International Law Not in Conflict With Domestic Law 8

2.Rules of Domestic Law in Conflict With Customary Interna-tional Law 15

3.Rules of Domestic Law in Conflict With International Agree-ments 17

4.Domestic Action to Apply and to Conform With InternationalLaw 25

B.Application in Diplomatic Practice 37

C.Application in International Tribunals 40

1.The International Court of Justice 41

2.International Arbitration 71

D.Law Making and Application in the United Nations 75

CHAPTER 2.The Structure of the International Legal Sys-tem： States， International Organizations and Other En-tities 78

A.States and Statehood： The Aura of Sovereignty 78

B.Recognition of States and Their Governments 89

1.Recognition Policy and Law 89

2.Some Problems of Nonrecognition in Domestic Judicial Pro-ceedings and in Executive Departments 100

C.Other Structures and Elements of the International System 106

3.Nongovernmental Organizations （NGOs） 124

CHAPTER 3.Jurisdiction 131

A.Jurisdiction to Prescribe Rules of Law Governing Conduct—Theo-ries of Jurisdiction 134

1.Territorial Jurisdiction 134

2.Nationality Theory： Active， Ascribed and Passive Personality 161

3.The Protective Principle： Extraterritorial Conduct Affecting Important State Interests 166

4.Universal Jurisdiction 171

B.Jurisdiction to Enforce Rules of Law 183

1.Sovereignty and the Exclusive Character of Jurisdiction to Enforce Within the Territory 183

2.Jurisdiction to Enforce Depends on Jurisdiction to Prescribe 184

C.Reduction and Resolution of Jurisdictional Conflicts 185

1.Conflicts of Jurisdiction—Causes 185

2.International Arrangements and Agreements as to Jurisdic-tion in Regard to Visiting Foreign Military Forces 186

3.International Arrangements and Agreements as to Conflicting State Demands Based on Nationality or Allegiance 191

CHAPTER 4.A View from the Bridge： Sea Law in Historical and Current Perspective 192

A.Codification of the Law of the Sea 193

1.The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 193

2.The Convention and the Practice of States 201

B.Control of National Vessels 203

1.Nationality of Vessels 203

2.Jurisdiction Over Vessels 217

C.Waters Within the Territory 224

1.Baseline Separating Internal Waters from Territorial Sea 224

2.Foreign Vessels in Internal Waters 236

3.Breadth of the Territorial Sea 245

4.Foreign Vessels in the Territorial Sea 248

D.Waters Beyond the Territorial Sea 254

1.Freedom of Navigation 254

2.The Exclusive Economic Zone 272

E.Allocation of the Resources of the Seabed 282

1.The Continental Shelf 282

2.Mineral Resources Beyond National Jurisdiction 290

F.Dispute Settlement 294

CHAPTER 5. Law of Airspace， Outer Space and Celestial Bodies 298

A.Airspace 299

1.Aerial Transit 299

2.Offenses Aboard Aircraft General Offenses 334

3.International Conventions 340

B.Outer Space 350

C.Celestial Bodies 362

CHAPTER 6. International Protection of the Environment 365

A.The Development of International Environmental Law 371

1.Foundation in Early Rules of Public International Law 371

2.Transboundary Air Pollution and Acid Rain 401

3.Transboundary Nuclear Damage 404

4.Protecting the Ozone Layer 409

5.Climate Change and the Precautionary Principle 412

6.International Rivers， Lakes and Drainage Basins 418

7.The Marine Environment 424

8.The World Cultural and Natural Heritage 429

9.Protection of Wetlands 430

10.Protection of Forests 431

11.Desertification 434

12.Endangered Species 435

13.Biological Diversity 437

14.Environmental Protection and International Trade 439

15.The Protection of the Environment in Time of Armed Conflict 456

16.Transboundary Movement and Disposal of Hazardous Wastes Global Environmental Interdependence 463

B.Emerging International Law Principles 468

1.New Imperatives for Co—Operation Among Nations and Inter-national Law 468

2.Sustainable Development 469

3.Inter—Generational Equity 483

4.Common Heritage 490

5.Environmental Rights as Human Rights 494

6.Debt for Nature Swaps 502

CHAPTER 7. The Immunities of States and International Organizations， The Act of State Doctrine 505

A.The Immunity of States 505

1.Absolute and Restrictive Principles 505

2.Applications of the Restrictive Principle to Commercial and Other Activities 523

3.Measures of Constraint 541

4.Some Horizontal Questions 544

B.The Immunity of International Organizations 555

C.The Act of State Doctrine 563

1.The Basic Court—Made Doctrine 564

2.Some Post—Sabbatino Applications of the Act of State Doc-trine 571

3.Human Rights Abuses 578

4.Congress and the Act of State Doctrine 581

CHAPTER 8. Nationality， Protection and Allegiance 584

A.Nationality： Loss of its Benefits 586

B.International Criteria 594

1.The Genuine Link Doctrine 594

2.Discrimination Against Women 603

3.Nationality of Corporations 605

4.Nationality of Ships， Aircraft and Space Vehicles 613

5.Council of Europe Convention on Nationality 623

C.The United Nations： The Organization and its Officials 624

1.The United Nations 624

2.International Officials 628

D.European Union Citizenship 632

CHAPTER 9. Human Rights： the Growth of State Responsi-bility to Individuals 639

A.Responsibility of States for Injuries to Aliens 641

1.The Principle of Diplomatic Protection 641

2.Is There an International Minimum Standard？ 641

B.The Articulation of Human Rights Standards 657

1.Theories of Human Rights 659

2.Human Rights Provisions of the U.N.Charter 665

3.The Torture Convention 671

4.The Genocide Convention 673

5.The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 697

6.The Human Rights Covenants 701

7.U.S.Ratification of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 703

C.Human Rights as Customary International Law 703

D.Implementation of the International Law of Human Rights 704

1.Implementation at the United Nations 704

2.International Adjudication 706

4.Public Denunciation 718

5.Pursuit of Human Rights Under Customary International Law in National Courts 718

E.Human Rights and Regional Organizations 756

1.The Council of Europe 756

2.The Organization of American States 761

3.The Organization of African Unity 764

F.Self—Help： Asylum and Refugee Law 765

G.Human Rights and the New World Order 778

CHAPTER 10. Diplomatic and Consular Immunities and Im-munities of Persons Connected With International Orga-nizations 779

A. Crimes Against Diplomatic 780

B. Diplomatic Immunity 786

1.Inviolability of Diplomatic Premises 786

2.Immunity and Inviolability of Diplomatic Agents 800

3.Special Missions and Heacds of State or Persons of High Rank 816

C. Consular Immunity 824

D.Immunity of Persons Connected With International Organizations 833

1.Officials and Experts of International Organizations 833

2.Representatives of Member States and Official Invitees 842

E.United States Administrative Practice 853

CHAPTER 11. The International Law About International Agreements 855

A.Introduction 855

B.International Agreements as Bases of Legal Rights and Duties 859

C.Reservations to International Agreements 869

D.Interpretation of International Agreements 877

1.General 877

2.Textualit or Contextualit 883

E.Performance of International Agreements 886

1.Novation， Amendment and Modification of International Agreements 886

2.Invalidation 886

3.Duration， Succession， Suspension， Termination 887

4.Change of Circumstances （Rebus Sic Stantibus） 891

5.Termination： Prior Breach By the Other Party 893

CHAPTER 12. Treaties and Other International Agree-ments in the Constitutional and Statutory Law of the United States 904

A.The Constitution， The Foreign Affairs Power， and Treaties as Federal Law 906

B.Executive Agreements and the Constitution 926

1.Presidential Power 926

2.Agreements Under Presidential Power： Internal Law or Pre-emption on Foreign Policy Grounds？ 937

3.Executive-Congressional International Agreements 947

4.Where Lies the Power to End Treaties？ 950

C.SelfExecuting Treaties in the United States 951

1.The Role of the Judiciary 956

2.Other Problems About International Agreements as Internal Law 961

D.United States Law and Practice as to Reservations， Amendments and Understandings： The President and the Senate 966

E.Does United States Public Law About International Agreements Need Changing and if So What is Feasible？ 976

CHAPTER 13. International Economic Law 977

A.International Trade Law 983

1.The World Trade Organization 984

2.WTO’s Management of Trade Disputes 991

3.Multilateral Versus Unilateral Enforcement Sanctions 998

B.Foreign Direct Investment （FDI） 1006

1.International Investment Agreements 1008

2.Expropriation of Foreign Property 1011

3.The General Problem of Enforcement 1019

4.U.S.Helms—Burton Act 1022CHAPTER 1019

14. Peaceful Resolution of Disputes and the Use of Force In the International System 1041

A.The Peaceful Resolution of Disputes in the International System 1042

1.Fact Finding and Dispute Resolution under the Hague Con-ventions and League of Nations 1043

2.The United Nations Charter 1046

3.Early Attempts Peacefully To Resolve Disputes Under the Charter 1046

4.U.N.， Regional Organization， & Third Parties Coordination in Regional Dispute Resolution. 1051

5.Adjusting the Peace System： Recent Attempts to Modernize the Process—Negotiation， Mediation & Conciliation 1053

B.The Use of Force by the United Nations 1057

2.Collective Measures in the Use of Force 1069

3.Peacekeeping Forces [U.N.Use of Force to Keep the Peace] 1090

4.Use of United Nations Authority not Involving Military Force 1108

5.Humanitarian Intervention 1117

6.Intervention for “Democracy” 1125

7.The Future Role of the United Nations in Peace Management 1127

CHAPTER 15. The Use of Force By States 1129

A.The Use of Force Under the United States Constitution and Other Laws 1137

1.The War Powers. 1138

2.Delegation of Military Command Under the Constitution 1160

3.“Operation Just Cause”—The Panama Invasion 1163

B.Collective Measures by Regional Organizations 1175

1.Soviet Missiles In Cuba 1175

2.Revolt in the Dominican Republic 1181

3.Disintegration of Political Authority in Grenada 1182

4.Ecowas Intervention In Liberia 1184

5.War & Peace—Sierra Leone 1185

C.Collective Self—Defense 1185

1.Czechoslovakia： Defense of the Former Socialist Community 1185

2.The Claim of Collective Self—Defense in South Vietnam 1186

3.The Claim of Collective Self—Defense in Nicaragua 1190

5.Does the Right To Collective Self—Defense Survive Security Council Action？ 1205

D.Unilateral Self—Defense 1206

1.Israeli Raid on Tunisia 1207

2.United States Raid on Libya 1209

3.United States Raids on Iraq 1213

E.Anticipatory Self—Defense 1214

1.A Bit of History 1214

2.The Six Day War 1215

3.Destruction of Iraq’s Nuclear Reactor 1221

F.Further Strains on the Limits of Conventional Justifications 1226

1.National Liberation Movements 1226

2.Action Against Terrorism 1234

3.The Thin Line Between Liberation and Terrorism 1243

G.Limiting the Weapons of War 1244

H.Use of State Coercion Short of Military Force 1247

CHAPTER 16. International Criminal Law 1253

A. Crimes Against Peace， War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity 1253

1.Introduction 1253

2.Sources 1261

B.The Innovations of Nurnberg： Crimes Against Peace and Crimes Against Humanity 1262

1.Charter 1262

2.Principles 1264

3.Trials 1267

4.Defenses 1278

5.The Law of War， Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law 1313

6.The Ad Hoc Tribunals—A Precedent？ 1324

7.Indirect Use of Nuirnberg Principles： Denaturalization and Deportation or Disguised Extradition， or as a Defense in Domestic Cases 1371

C.Universal Jurisdiction and Nuirnberg Principles 1375

1.Cases 1375

2.Extradition & Other Measures of Obtaining Jurisdiction Over the Person 1388

D.Extradition & The Political Offense Exception 1413

E.The Nationality Exception 1420

F.The Death Penalty 1423

CHAPTER17.Theories About International Law 1430

A.Some Samples of Theoretical Perspectives 1435

B.Monism & Dualism 1468

C.Principles， Practice and Legitimacy 1471

INDEX 1479

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