International Space Law and the United NationsPDF电子书下载

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Chapter 1 Space Law:The Newest Branch of International Law 1

Ⅰ.Introduction 1

Ⅱ.Space Law in the Pre-Sputnik Years 2

Ⅲ.Post-Sputnik Development of Space Law:Role of the United Nations 2

Ⅳ.The Proliferation of Space Law 5

1.The Specialized Agencies of the U.N.System 5

2.Regional ＆ Multilateral Space Organizations and Agreements 7

3.Other Multilateral Agreements ans Arrangements 8

4.Non-governmental Organizations(NGO's) 9

5.Bilateral Agreements 10

6.National Laws,National Organizations 11

7.Body of Case Law 12

8.Teaching of Space Law 14

9.Literature on Space Law 16

Ⅴ.Space Law as a Discipline 18

Chapter 2 The United Nations and the Development of Space Law 22

Ⅰ.Introduction 22

Ⅱ.The Process of Space Law-Making in the United Nations 23

1.COPUOS Established 23

2.Main Components of the Process 25

3.Consenstls 27

4.Results Achieved 29

Ⅲ.The Outer Space Treaties:An Overview 32

1.The Outer Space Treaty,1967 32

2.The Rescue Agreement,1968 33

3.The Liability Convention,1972 35

4.The Registration Convention,1976 36

5.The Moon Agreement,1979 37

6.General Conmaents 40

Ⅳ.The UN Principles on Outer Space:An Overview 41

1.Declaration of Legal Principles on Outer Space 41

2.Principles on Direct Broadcasting by Satellite(DBS) 42

3.Principles on Remote Sensing 43

4.Principles on Nuclear Power Sources 44

5.Declaration on Outer Space Benefits 46

Ⅴ.Pending Legal Issues 50

1.Item 4:Definition of Outer Space:Geostationary Orbit 50

2.New Agenda Item 56

Ⅵ.The Future Development of Space Law by the United Nations 56

1.The Space Debris Issue 56

2.Establishing International Standards and Recommended Practices 59

3.Commercial Use of Outer Space 61

4.Manned Space Flight 62

5.Other Matters 62

Ⅶ.Conclusions 64

Chapter 3 Arms Control and the Law of Outer Space 67

Ⅰ.Introduction 67

Ⅱ.The UN and Space Weapons 73

Ⅲ.Space Weapons and International Law:A Critique of Existing Treaties 101

1.The United Nations Charter 102

2.The 1967 Outer Space Treaty 103

3.The Moon Agreement 106

4.The Anti-Ballistic Missile(ABM)Systems Treaty 107

5.The Test Ban Treaty 112

6.The SALT Ⅰ Treaty 112

7.The SALT Ⅱ Treaty 113

8.Other Treaties 114

9.An Appraisal 115

Ⅳ.Civilian and Military Space Activities:A Third World Perspective 119

1.Space Activities with regard to Developing Countries 119

2.Militarization of Outer Space:Views from Developing Countries 119

3.Implications of Space Weapons for the Developing Countries 123

4."Third World" Participation in the Star Wars Debate 127

Ⅴ.Conclusion 129

Chapter 4 The Role of the Developing Countries in the Formulation of Space Law 130

Ⅰ.Introduction 130

Ⅱ.The Treaties and the Role of Developing Countries 131

Ⅲ.The "Common Heritage of Mankind" 139

Ⅳ.Principles on Direct Broadcasting by Satellite(DBS) 144

Ⅴ.Principles on Remote Sensing 147

Ⅵ.The Geostationary Orbit and the Regulation of Satellite Communications 150

Ⅶ.Outer Space Benefits 157

Ⅷ.Looking Ahead 166

Chapter 5 Access to Space Technologies-Article 1 of the Outer Space Treaty 169

Ⅰ.Introduction 169

Ⅱ.A New Item on Sharing of Outer Space Benefits in the Agenda of the Legal Sub-Committee of COPUOS 170

Ⅲ.Article 1 of the Outer Space Treaty in the Context of the New Agenda Item 173

1.The Objective of Article 1:Space Exploration "For the benefit"and "In the interest"of All Countries 174

2.The Obligatory Nature of Article 1.Paragraph 1 176

Ⅳ.Consideration of the New Agenda Item 177

1.Legal Subcommittee 177

2.Conmaittee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space 183

Ⅴ.The Role of the United Nations and Other International Organizations 183

Ⅵ.Conclusion 185

Chapter 6 Legal Aspects of Human Safety and Rescue in Space 187

Ⅰ.The 1967 Outer Space Treaty 187

Ⅱ.The 1968 Rescue Agreement 187

Ⅲ.The 1979 Moon Agreement 188

Ⅳ.General Considerations 189

Ⅴ.Advances in Human Space Flight 189

Ⅵ.Problems with the Existing Legal Framework 190

1.Non-contracting States 190

2.Personnel and passengers 190

3.Unintended landing 191

4.Rescue and Assistance in Space 191

5.Responsibility and Liability in International Missions 192

6.Expenses 192

7.Hostile Activities 193

Ⅶ.Proposed Law on Safety and Rescue 193

Ⅷ.Conclusion 195

Chapter 7 Space Salvage Operations 197

Ⅰ.Introduction 197

Ⅱ.Maior Provisions of International Space Law 200

1.Responsibility and Liability 200

2.Return of Space Objects of Another State 203

3.Article Ⅷ of the Outer Space Treaty:Jurisdiction and Control and Ownership of Space Objects,Component Parts and Orbital Debris 204

4.Article Ⅸ of the Outer Space Treaty 205

Ⅲ.Maritime Salvage Law 208

1.What is a Derelict? 208

2.Salvage of Derelict Vessels 209

3.The International Maritime Organization 209

Ⅳ.Application of Maritime Salvage Law Concepts to Space Objects,Component Parts and Orbital Debris 210

Ⅴ.Conclusion 213

Chapter 8 Conflict Resolution in Outer Space 215

Ⅰ.Consultation/Good Offices 218

Ⅱ.Claims Commission/Conciliation 220

Ⅲ.Arbitration 220

Ⅳ.Adjudication 223

Ⅴ.Conclusion 223

Chapter 9 The Moon Agreement 224

Ⅰ.Introduction 224

Ⅱ.Conditions Essential for Peaceful Uses of Space Activities:Contributions of the Moon Agreement 226

Ⅲ.Military Implications of Space Activities in International Law before and after the Moon Agreement 235

Ⅳ.An Appraisal 244

Chapter 10 Space Communications 250

Ⅰ.Introduction 250

Ⅱ.Benefits of Satellite Comnaunications 251

Ⅲ.The International Regulatory Regime for Satellite Communications:The Meaning for Developing Countries 252

1.Introduction 252

2.The Role of the United Nations 253

3.Legal Principles Governing the Geostationary Orbit 256

4.Natural Limitations 260

5.Problems Facing the Developing Countries 260

6.Initiatives to Bring Space Conmaunication Within the Context of New lnfomlation Order 261

7.Early Developments 266

8.The Situation Before the WARB-ORB 85 Conference 267

a)The ITU and Coordination of the Geostationary Orbit 267

b)The Equatorial States and the Question of Sovereignty 268

9.WARC-ORB 85 268

a)Concerns and Proposals Prior to the WARC-ORB 85 268

b)Choices for the Developing Countries 270

c)Results of the WARC-ORB 85 273

10.WARC-ORB 88 274

a)Results 274

b)Interests of Developing Countries 275

c)Analysis 277

Chapter 11 Regulatory Challenges and the Future of International Telecommunication Law 278

Ⅰ.Introduction 278

Ⅱ.The Space Age 280

Ⅲ.Existing Space Telecommunications Law 283

Ⅳ.Pending Issues in Space Telecommunications Law 291

Ⅴ.International Space Telecommunications Law and the Future 295

1.LEOs and Mobile Satellite Services 296

2.Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS) 299

3.Commercialization,Deregulation,Globalization ＆ Privatization 302

4.Transfer of Telecommunications Technology 304

5.Telemedicine 305

6.Satellite Telecommunications:Case Law ＆ Potential Disputes 306

Ⅵ Conclusions 311

Chapter 12 The United Nations Remote Sensing Principles and National Security 314

Ⅰ.Adoption of the Principles 314

Ⅱ.The Political Basis for the Agreement 315

Ⅲ.Collection of Sensitive Information 316

Ⅳ.Remote Sensing and International Relations 317

Ⅴ.Future Developments in Remote Sensing 318

Ⅵ.Remote Sensing and Disarmament 319

Ⅶ.Conclusion 320

Chapter 13 Space Debris and International Law:Role of the United Nations 321

Ⅰ.Space Debris And Current International Space Law 322

Ⅱ.Recent Developments in the Study and Analysis of Space Debris Issues by the United Nations 329

1.Initiation of a multi-year plan of study 329

2.Measurements of Space Debris 333

3.Modelling of Space Debris Environment and Risk Assessment 334

4.Space Debris Mitigation Measures 337

5.The technical assessment 342

Ⅲ.Future Regulation and Control of Space Debris 343

Chapter 14 International Cooperation in Space 350

Ⅰ.The Benefits of Space Technology 350

Ⅱ.The Advantages of International Cooperation 350

Ⅲ.An Agenda for International Cooperation for Sharing the Benefits of Space Technology 351

1.Remote Sensing 351

2.Geostationary Orbit 354

3.Direct Broadcasting Satellites 356

Ⅳ.The Conunittee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space 359

Ⅴ.Technical Assistance to Developing Countries 360

Ⅵ.Education and Training 361

Ⅶ.Financial Assistance for Space Projects 363

Ⅷ.International Space Law 364

Ⅸ.International Cooperation and Mars Exploration 365

1.Learning from the Past 365

2.The Groundwork for Cooperation already exists 368

3.Getting from here to there 370

4.Balancing Priorities 370

Chapter 15 Lessons For Space Law Through The Experience Of Air Law 372

Ⅰ.Introduction 372

Ⅱ.The Aamexes to the Chicago Convention 373

Ⅲ.Applicability to Space Law 377

1.The Need for Technical Annexes in Space Law 377

2.The Fommlation and Adoption of Space Standards 381

a)Responsible Body 381

b)Procedure to be Followed 382

c)Suggestion for Space Activities 384

ⅰ)Environmental Standards 384

ⅱ)Search and Rescue Standards 385

ⅲ)Standards for the Operation of Spacecraft 385

ⅳ)Other Space Standards 385

Ⅳ.Conclusion 385

Chapter 16 Recent and Future Developments in Space Law-Making:Preparing for the 21st Century 387

Ⅰ.Introduction 387

Ⅱ.Continuing Issues in Space Law-Making 392

1.NPS Principles 392

2.Definition and Delimitation of Outer Space and the Character and Utilization of the Geostationary Orbit 393

Ⅲ.Recent and Future Developments 396

1.New Agenda Item for Legal Subcommittee 397

2.Space Debris 397

3.International Space Telecommunications 399

4.Satellite Telecommunications:Case Law ＆ Potential Disputes 401

5.Establishing International Standards and Recommended Practices 402

6.Commercial Use of Outer Space 404

7.Manned Space Flight 405

8.Other Matters 405

Ⅳ.UNISPACE Ⅲ 408

1.Preparation of the UNISPACE Ⅲ Conference 408

2.Policy ＆ Legal Issues at UNISPACE Ⅲ 410

Ⅴ.Conclusion 411

Bibliography 415

Index 435

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