NON-DISCRIMINATION AND EQUALITY IN THE VIEW OF THE UN HUMAN RIGHTS TREATY BODIESPDF电子书下载

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INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER Ⅰ.TREATY REGIMES 5

A. The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) 6

B. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (CCPR) 12

C. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) 22

D. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) 24

E. The Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT) 27

F. The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) 27

G. The Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (CMW) 28

H. Conclusions 29

CHAPTER Ⅱ.THE CONCEPT OF EQUALITY AND NON-DISCRIMINATION 33

A. Definitions and Qualifiers 33

1. Definitions 33

2. Qualifiers 34

a. De Jure and De Facto Discrimination and Equality 34

b. Intentional and Non-Intentional Discrimination 35

c. Direct and Indirect Discrimination 35

d. Multiple Discrimination 36

e. Systemic Inequality 36

f. Private Discrimination 36

B. The Committees 36

1. CERD 37

a. Definition 37

b. Qualifiers 38

ⅰ. De Jure and De Facto 38

ⅱ. Intentional and Non-Intentional 40

ⅲ. Direct and Indirect 41

ⅳ. Multiple Discrimination 42

ⅴ. Systemic Inequality 43

ⅵ. Private Discrimination 43

2. HRC 43

a. Definition 43

b. Qualifiers 56

ⅰ. De Jure and De Facto 56

ⅱ. Intentional and Non-Intentional 57

ⅲ. Direct and Indirect 58

ⅳ. Multiple Discrimination 61

ⅴ. Systemic Discrimination 61

ⅵ. Private Discrimination 62

3. CESCR Committee 62

a. Definition 62

b. Qualifiers 66

ⅰ. De Jure and De Facto 66

ⅱ. Intentional and Non-Intentional 68

ⅲ. Direct and Indirect 68

ⅳ. Multiple Discrimination 69

ⅴ. Systemic Discrimination 69

ⅵ. Private Discrimination 70

4. CEDAW Committee 70

a. Definition 71

b. Qualifiers 72

ⅰ. De Jure and De Facto 72

ⅱ. Intentional and Non-Intentional 74

ⅲ. Direct and Indirect 74

ⅳ. Multiple Discrimination 77

ⅴ. Systemic Inequality 78

ⅵ. Private Discrimination 79

5. CRC Committee 79

a. Definition 79

b. Qualifiers 80

ⅰ. De Jure and De Facto 80

ⅱ. Intentional and Non-Intentional 81

ⅲ. Direct and Indirect 81

ⅳ. Multiple Discrimination 82

ⅴ. Structural Discrimination 82

ⅵ. Private Discrimination 82

6. Conclusions 83

a. Definition 83

b. Qualifiers 84

ⅰ. De Jure and De Facto Discrimination 84

ⅱ. Intentional and Non-Intentional Discrimination 84

ⅲ. Direct and Indirect Discrimination 84

ⅳ. Multiple Discrimination 85

ⅴ. Structural or Systemic Inequality 85

ⅵ. Private Discrimination 85

c. Convergence or Divergence? 86

CHAPTER Ⅲ.PROHIBITED GROUNDS OF DISCRIMINATION 87

A. Grounds 87

B. The Committees 88

1. CERD 88

a. Race 90

b. Nationality 90

c. Ethnic Origin 95

ⅰ. Minorities 96

ⅱ. Ethnic or Racial Origin 100

ⅲ. Indigenous Origin 103

d. Descent 109

e. Religion 110

f. Gender 110

g. Conclusions 111

2. HRC 112

a. Race 114

b. Colour 114

c. Sex/Gender 115

ⅰ. Sex/Gender 115

ⅱ. Marriage, Pregnancy, Childbirth 122

ⅲ. Sexual Orientation 122

d. Language 123

e. Religion 123

f. Political or Other Opinion 125

g. National or Social Origin 126

h. Birth 127

i. Other Status 128

ⅰ. Nationality 128

ⅱ. Descent 129

ⅲ. Disability 130

ⅳ. Civilian or Military Status 130

ⅴ. Other 131

j. Minorities 132

k. Conclusions 134

3. CESCR Committee 135

a. Race and Colour 135

b. Sex 135

c. National or Social Origin 139

d. Political Opinion 140

e. Religion 140

f. Birth 140

g. Other Status 140

ⅰ. Disability 141

ⅱ. Age 141

ⅲ. Sexual Orientation 142

ⅳ. Health Status 142

ⅴ. Nationality 143

ⅵ. Place of Residence 144

ⅶ. Social Status 144

ⅷ. Ethnicity 144

ⅸ. Marital Status 145

ⅹ. Refugee or Migrant Status 145

h. Conclusions 145

4. CEDAW Committee 147

a. Sex/Gender 147

ⅰ. Sex 147

ⅱ. Gender-Based Violence 152

ⅲ. Polygamy 154

ⅳ. Marital Status 155

Ⅴ. Sexual Orientation 155

b. Other Grounds 155

ⅰ. Disability 155

ⅱ. Age 155

ⅲ. Place of Residence 155

ⅳ. Ethnic Origin 156

c. Conclusions 156

5. CRC Committee 157

a. Race 161

b. Colour 162

c. Sex/Gender 162

d. Religion 168

e. Political Opinion 168

f. Ethnic Origin 168

g. Property 169

h. Disability 170

i. Birth Status 172

j. Other Status 173

ⅰ. Age 173

ⅱ. Marital Status 174

ⅲ. Pregnancy and Motherhood 174

ⅳ. Sexual Orientation 174

ⅴ. Health Status 174

ⅵ. Nationality 176

ⅶ. Place of Residence 178

ⅷ. Caste 179

ⅸ. Number of Children 179

ⅹ. Children in Care 179

k. Minorities 180

l. Conclusions 182

C. Conclusions 183

CHAPTER Ⅳ.OBLIGATIONS DERIVING FROM THE PRINCIPLES OF NONDISCRIMINATION AND EQUALITY 187

A. Obligations 187

B. The Committees 190

1. CERD 190

a. The Obligation to Respect 191

b. The Obligation to Protect 192

c. The Obligation to Fulfil 196

ⅰ. To Facilitate 196

ⅱ. To Promote 204

ⅲ. To Provide 207

d. Conclusions 210

2. HRC 211

a. The Obligation To Respect 211

b. The Obligation to Protect 213

c. The Obligation to Fulfil 217

ⅰ. To Facilitate 218

ⅱ. To Promote 220

ⅲ. To Provide 221

d. Conclusions 223

3. CESCR Committee 224

a. The Obligation to Respect 225

b. The Obligation to Protect 228

c. The Obligation to Fulfil 230

ⅰ. To Facilitate 231

ⅱ. To Promote 235

ⅲ. To Provide 237

d. Conclusions 240

4. CEDAW Committee 240

a. The Obligation to Respect 242

b. The Obligation to Protect 246

c. The Obligation to Fulfil 250

ⅰ. To Facilitate 250

ⅱ. To Promote 257

ⅲ. To Provide 260

d. Conclusions 271

5. CRC Committee 272

a. The Obligation to Respect 273

b. The Obligation to Protect 275

c. The Obligation to Fulfil 275

ⅰ. To Facilitate 275

ⅱ. To Promote 281

ⅲ. To Provide 284

d. Conclusions 285

C. Conclusions 286

CHAPTER Ⅴ.GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 289

A. Non-Discrimination and Equality: A Mixed Picture 289

B. UN Reform and the Common Core Document 291

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