SETTLEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL WATER LAW DISPUTES IN INTERNATIONAL DRAINAGE BASINSPDF电子书下载

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Foreword 7

Preface 9

Abbreviations 25

FIRST PART Conceptual Analysis 27

Ⅰ.CHAPTER Dimensions of Water Potential,Water Resources Development Movement and the Urgency of having International Water Law Dispute-Settlement-Mechanism 27

A.Water and Hydrologic Cycle 27

1.Water as an Object of Nature 27

2.Certain Facts about Water 29

3.Water as a Basis of Life 31

4.Physical,Chemical and Biological Characteristics of Water 33

a)General Remarks 33

b)Physical Properties of Water 34

aa)Ice 34

bb)Liquid 34

cc)Vapour 35

dd)Capilarity 35

ee)Surface Tension 35

c)Chemical Properties of Water 35

aa)Structure of Water 35

bb)Water as a Solvent 37

cc)Bonds Holding the Water Together 37

aaa)Chemical Bonds 38

bbb)Hydrogen Bonds 38

d)Water Bacteriology 38

5.The Hydrologic Cycle 39

a)The Water Cycle 39

b)Concerned Waterways 39

aa)International Drainage Basins comprising Rivers 40

bb)International Drainage Basins comprising Lakes 42

cc)Water-falls 42

B.Water Potential in the Service of Humanity 44

1.Significance of Water,Judged Historically 44

2.Present Utility and Need 48

3.Future Needs and Potential 49

C.Growing Concern for Water Resources Development and Recent Tendencies 50

1.Awakening of Consciousness of States vis-a-vis Water Resources Development 50

2.Recent Tendencies 51

D.Hydrologic Unity of a Drainage Basin 53

1.Hydrologic Unity 53

2.Theory of Coherence 54

E.Settlement of International Water Law Disputes--a Burning Problem 55

Ⅱ.CHAPTER Perusal and Dimensions of the Problem 57

Ⅲ.CHAPTER Comprehension of Related Concepts 74

A.Basin State 74

B.Emissions 75

C.Immissions 75

1.Concept,Purpose and Scope 75

a)Concept 75

b)Purpose 77

c)Scope 78

2.Regulation and Protection 78

a)General 78

b)Works Not Requiring Licence 81

c)Measurements 81

d)Emissions Declaration 81

e)Nature of Works 82

f)Quality of Inflammable Material and Fuel,Substances and Products 83

g)Quality and Operation of Vehicles 83

h)Exchange poor weather conditions and Smog 84

i)Plan of Keeping the Air Pure 85

j)Protection of Special Areas 85

k)Supervision 86

l)Exceptions and Repeals 87

3.Transnational Measures 87

D.International Dispute 88

E.International Drainage Basin 89

F.International Rivers 91

1.Concept 91

2.Inernational Character 94

3.Juridical Analysis 95

G.International Water Law Dispute 96

H.International Water Resources System 97

1.Concept of Water Resources 97

2.Water Resources System 97

3.Atmospheric Water 98

4.Ground Water 99

5.Surface Water 103

6.International Frozen Water Resources 104

I.Peaceful Change 104

J.Uses of Water 105

1.Modern Uses 105

2.Consumptive Use 106

3.Non-consumptive Use 106

K.Water Pollution 107

1.Concept 107

2.Pollution Cycle 108

3.Effects of Pollution 110

4.Pollutants 111

a)Municipal Wastes 111

b)Industrial Wastes 112

c)Agricultural Wastes 113

d)Thermal Pollution 113

e)Cold Water 114

f)Radio-active Pollution 114

g)Transport Vehicles 114

h)Oil 114

i)Mercury and Lead 116

j)Other Miscellaneous Elements 116

5.Pollution Control 116

6.Governmental Measures 117

L.Water Quality 118

1.Concept 118

2.Quality Affecting Phenomena 120

3.Water Quality Standards 122

4.Regulation and Protection through Legal Measures 124

Ⅳ.CHAPTER Nature of International Water Law Disputes 127

A.Differentiation Between "Legal" and "Political" Disputes 127

1.Juridical Content of the Concept "Legal Dispute" 127

2."Political Disputes" as distinguished from "Legal Disputes" 128

B.Politico-legal Nature of International Water Law Disputes 130

C.Economic Implications of International Water Law Disputes 131

D.Basic Obstacles in the Way of Settlement of International Water Law Disputes 133

1.Clash of Territorial Jurisdiction of Several States 133

2.Conflicting Doctrines and Theories Confronted by International Water Law Disputes 136

3.Variations of Conditions and Circumstances in Various International Drainage Basins 139

4.Circumstantial Obstacles 142

SECOND PART Basic Issues 143

Ⅴ.CHAPTER Basic Substantive Problems involved in International Water Law Disputes 143

A.The Problem of Laying down the Order of Priority for Different Uses of Water in an International Drainage Basin 143

1.Existing Juridical Norms,if any,vis-a-vis Order of Priority for Different Uses of Water 143

a)General Observations 143

b)Order of Priority--a necessary Sub-problem 143

c)Customary International Law Norms,if any 144

aa)Opinions of Jurists 144

bb)Helsinki Rules and Order of Priority 154

aaa)General Provisions 155

bbb)Specific Provisions 156

ccc)Evaluation 156

cc)Concluding Observations 159

d)Norms under Treaties 159

aa)Treaties Prescribing an Order of Priority for a Concrete Dispute 160

bb)Treaties Indirectly Mentioning Certain Uses 161

cc)Treaties silent over the Problem of Order of Priority 164

dd)Treaties Prohibiting Deduction of Legal Norms 165

ee)Specific Treaties 166

aaa)Navigation Treaties 166

bbb)Fishery Treaties 168

ccc)Treaties dealing with Floating of Timber 169

ddd)Irrigation Treaties 169

eee)Power Production Treaties 170

fff)Treaties Touching Boundary Problems 170

ggg)Treaties Tackling Water Pollution 171

ff)Concluding Remarks 171

e)Order of Priority according to Judicial Decisions 172

f)Order of Priority and General Principles of Law Recognised by Civilised Nations 178

g)Concluding Remarks 205

2.Feasibility and Desirability of Laying Down Universal Rules for Future,vis-a-vis Ordering of Priorities 207

B.The Problem of Determination of Quantum of Exact Share of Water of Each Contending Drainage Basin State Concerning the Water in Dispute in a Particular International Drainage Basin 208

1.General Remarks 208

2.Existing Rights 209

a)Water Rights Resulting from State-succession 209

b)Water Rights based on Servitudes 211

c)Water Rights Recognised as Historical Uses 212

d)Water Rights prevailing as "Acquired Rights" 214

C.The Problem of Identification of Factors for Determination of Respective Share of the Concerned Basin States in the Drainage Basin under Consideration 217

1.Certain Basic Considerations 217

2.Factors for Distribution of Water 221

a)Factors Creating Legal Rights 221

aa)Respective Catchment Area 222

bb)The Population of the Concerned Catchment-Area 223

cc)The Length of the River-bed or Water-surface-area of the Lake 224

dd)Respective Contribution of Waterquantum into the Flow of the Concerned River or Drainage Basin 225

ee)Existing Rights 225

b)Equitable Factors 226

3.Concluding Remarks 231

4.Sharing of Water of Boundary Rivers 231

a)Various Categories of Boundary Rivers 232

b)Principles of "Equal-sharing" and "Equitable-sharing" 233

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