THE LIABILITY OF CLASSIFICATION SOCIETIESPDF电子书下载

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Part 1 [Factual Situation and Legal Foundations] 5

A.The Classification of Vessels 5

Ⅰ.The Concept of 'Classification' 5

Ⅱ.The Historical Development of Classification Societies 8

Ⅲ.The Relevance of Classification Societies for the Maritime Industry 11

Ⅳ.The Relevance of Classification Societies for the International Community 22

Ⅴ.The International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) 24

Ⅵ.Current Challenges for Classification Societies 26

B.Private Operations and Public Functions in Detail 43

Ⅰ.Private Operations 43

Ⅱ.Public Functions 50

C.Non-Delegable Duty of the Shipowner to Make the Vessel Seaworthy and Presumption of Unseaworthiness 55

Part 2 [Legal Analysis] 59

A.Private Functions:The Protection of Contracting Parties 59

Ⅰ.English Law 59

Ⅱ.United States Law 69

Ⅲ.German Law 99

Ⅳ.Conclusion 105

B.Private Functions:Liability Towards Third Parties 105

Ⅰ.English Law 105

Ⅱ.United States Law 142

Ⅲ.German Law 188

Ⅳ.Application of the Conclusions to Claims by Different Parties 230

C.Public Functions 234

Ⅰ.Liability under English Law 235

Ⅱ.Liability under United States Law 240

Ⅲ.Liability under German Law 248

Ⅳ.Excursus:Damage Caused by Both a Classification and Statutory Survey 256

Part 3 [A Convention on the Limitation of Liability of Classification Societies] 259

A.The Limitation of Liability in Shipping 259

Ⅰ.The History of Limitations 260

Ⅱ.Cargo Limitations 263

Ⅲ.Global Limitations 265

Ⅳ.Limitations as Regards Passengers 269

Ⅴ.Limitations of Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 271

B.Limitation of Liability under the Current System of Limitations 277

Ⅰ.On the Application of Existing Limitation Regulations to Classification Societies 277

Ⅱ.The "Estonia" Case-an Example of the Effects of the Current System 300

Ⅲ.Conclusion 303

C.Justifications of a New Convention on the Limitation of Liability 304

Ⅰ.Classification Societies as a Part of the Maritime Safety System 304

Ⅱ.Insurance and Compensation 304

Ⅲ.Existence of a System of Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage 307

Ⅳ.Self-Protection of Classification Societies by Company Law 307

Ⅴ.Liability and the Control of Old Vessels 308

Ⅵ.How Should the Interests be Balanced? 308

D.Principles of a Convention on the Limitation of Liability 316

Ⅰ.European or International Law? 316

Ⅱ.Strict Liability? 318

Ⅲ.Harmonised Basis of Fault Liability? 320

Ⅳ.Reversal of the Burden of Proof? 322

Ⅴ.Basis of Limitation:Tonnage or Fees? 322

Ⅵ.Level of Limitations 323

Ⅶ.Interrelation with the Limitation of Liability of the Shipowner 327

E.The Limitation of Liability for Public Functions 328

F.Conclusion 329

Bibliography 331

Table of Cases 351

Table of International Conventions 365

Index 373

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