Introduction to lawPDF电子书下载

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INTRODUCTION 1

Chapter 1: LAW 5

1.1.Meaning of ‘Law 5

1.2.Sources of Law 6

1.3.The Hierarchy of Laws 8

1.4.Territorial Limits of Legislation 8

1.5.Commencement of Laws 9

1.6.Expiry and Repeal of Statutes 11

1.7.The Different Branches of Law 12

1.8.The Interpretation of Laws 12

1.9.Where the Law is to be Found 16

Chapter 2: ‘SUBJECTS’ OF THE LAW 17

2.1.‘Persons 17

2.2.Corporations 17

2.3.Capacity of Persons 18

2.4.Immunities 19

Chapter 3: LAWYERS AND LEGAL PRACTITIONERS 21

3.1.Introduction 21

3.2.Objectives of the Advocates Act 1961 23

3.3.Bar Councils 23

3.4.Qualifications for Enrolment 24

3.5.Right to Practice 24

3.6.Law Officers 26

3.7.Standards of Conduct 26

3.8.Misconduct 27

Chapter 4: CONSTITUTIONAL LAw 29

4.1.Introduction 30

4.2.Territory of India 31

4.3.Citizenship 31

4.4.The Organs of the State 32

4.5.The Executive 32

4.6.The Legislature 36

4.7.The Legislative Powers of the Executive 38

4.8.The Making of Laws 39

4.9.Independence of the Legislature 40

4.10.Limits of Legislative Power 41

4.11.The Judiciary 42

4.12.Tribunals 44

4.13.Independent Constitutional Authorities 45

4.14.Scope of Legislative Power 45

4.15.Distribution of Legislative Power: General 46

4.16.Distribution of Legislative Power: Powers of the Union 47

4.17.Distribution of Legislative Power: Powers of the States 49

4.18.Administrative Relations between the Union and the States and between the States 51

4.19.Disputes between States 52

4.20.Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits 52

4.21.Freedom of Inter-State Trade and Commerce 55

4.22.Fundamental Rights: General 57

4.23.Right to Equality 58

4.24.The Right to Freedom 64

4.25.Right to Liberty and Life 69

4.26.Protection from Exploitation 73

4.27.Freedom of Religion 73

4.28.Cultural and Educational Rights 75

4.29.Right to Constitutional Remedies 77

4.30.Directive Principles of State Policy 78

4.31.Fundamental Duties 80

4.32.Services 81

4.33.Language 82

4.34.Emergency Provisions 83

4.35.Amendment of the Constitution 85

Chapter 5: ADMINSTRATNE LAw 87

5.1.Introduction 87

5.2.Rules of Administrative Law 88

5.3.Jurisdiction 89

5.4.Error of Law 90

5.5.Improper Exercise of Discretion 90

5.6.Failure to Exercise Powers 92

5.7.Natural Justice 93

5.8.Unreasoned Orders 95

5.9.Control of Subordinate Legislation 96

5.10.Remedies 98

Chapter 6: COURTS AND TRIBUNALS 99

6.1.Introduction 99

6.2.Civil Courts 100

6.3.Criminal Courts 101

6.4.Civil Proceedings: General 102

6.5.Civil Proceedings: Court where Suit to be Filed 104

6.6.Civil Proceedings: Procedure 105

6.7.Procedure in Special Cases 111

6.8.Limitation 112

6.9.Criminal Procedure: Investigation of Offences 116

6.10.Provisions for the Maintenance of Public Order 121

6.11.Preventive Action by Police 121

6.12.Criminal Procedure: Trials 122

6.13.Trial of Juveniles 128

6.14.Rules of Evidence 128

6.15.Tribunals 149

6.16.Contempt of Court 151

6.17.Arbitration and Conciliation 156

Chapter 7: LAw OF PROPERTY 169

7.1.Meaning of ‘Property’ 169

7.2.Different Kinds of Property 170

7.3.Ownership 170

7.4.Immovable Property 173

7.5.Leases 174

7.6.Mortgages and Charges 175

7.7.Easements 176

7.8.Licences 177

7.9.Movable Property 178

7.10.Shares and Securities 179

7.11.Intangible Property 179

7.12.Actionable Claims and Documents of Title 180

7.13.Goodwill 180

7.14.Trade Marks and Brands 181

7.15.Copyright 182

7.16.Designs 182

7.17.Patents 183

7.18.Transfer of Property and Registration 184

7.19.Negotiation of Negotiable Instruments 186

Chapter 8: LAw OF CONTRACTS 189

8.1.Introduction 190

8.2.Law of Contract in India—Generally 191

8.3.Voidable and Void Contracts 191

8.4.Intention to Create Legal Relations 192

8.5.Agreement Subject to Contract 192

8.6.Form of Contract 192

8.7.Capacity to Contract 192

8.8.Formation of Contract: Agreement 193

8.9.Free Consent 196

8.10.Illegal Agreements 201

8.11.Agreements in Restraint of Marriage 204

8.12.Agreements in Restraint of Trade 204

8.13.Agreements in Restraint of Judicial Proceedings 204

8.14.Agreements which are Uncertain are Void 205

8.15.Wagering Agreements 206

8.16.Contingent Contracts 207

8.17.Interpretation of Contracts 208

8.18.Rule of Privity of Contract 210

8.19.Performance of Contracts 210

8.20.Time, Place and Mode of Performance； Reciprocal Promises 212

8.21.Appropriation of Payments 215

8.22.Impossibility and Illegality 215

8.23.Contracts that Need not be Performed: Novation, Rescission, Release,Waiver, Accord and Satisfaction, Unilateral Alteration 217

8.24.Consequences of a Contract being Avoided 219

8.25.Quasi-Contracts 220

8.26.Remedies for Breach of Contract 222

8.27.Liquidated Damages and Penal 225

8.28.Specific Performance of Contracts 227

8.29.Rectification of Contracts 233

8.30.Rescission of Contracts 233

8.31.Cancellation of Contracts 234

8.32.Specific Contracts 235

8.33.Agency 235

8.34.Auctions 243

8.35.Bailments 244

8.36.Contracts of Carriage 247

8.37.Construction Contracts 250

8.38.Franchising 250

8.39.Guarantees 251

8.40.Hire Purchase Contracts 254

8.41.Indemnities 254

8.42.Contracts of Insurance 255

8.43.Letters of Credit 256

8.44.Liens 257

8.45.Pawns or Pledges 257

8.46.Sale of Goods 259

Chapter 9: LAW OF TORTS 271

9.1.Introduction 271

9.2.Torts Committed outside India 273

9.3.Person Liable 273

9.4.Injuries to the Person 275

9.5.Injuries to Property 275

9.6.Injury to Reputation 276

9.7.Negligent Misstatement 277

9.8.Negligence 278

9.9.Contributory Negligence 279

9.10.Court 280

9.11.Basis of Liability 280

9.12.Damages 282

9.13.Injunctive Relief 283

Chapter 10: LAw of TRUSTS, CHARITIES AND WAKFS 285

10.1.Introduction 285

10.2.Creation of Trusts 286

10.3.Duties of Trustees 287

10.4.Liabilities of the Trustee 288

10.5.Rights and Powers of Trustees 290

10.6.Disabilities of Trustees 290

10.7.Rights and Liabilities of Beneficiaries 291

10.8.Vacation of the Office of a Trustee 292

10.9.Extinction, Revocation and Variation of Trusts 292

10.10.Obligations in the Nature of Trusts: Constructive Trusts 293

10.11.Mutual Fund Trusts 294

10.12.Public and Charitable Trusts 295

10.13.Law regulating Public and Charitable Trusts 295

10.14.Wakfs 296

Chapter 11: LAw of ORGANISATIONS 297

11.1.Introduction 297

11.2.Statutory Corporations 298

11.3.Companies 299

11.4.Partnership 319

11.5.Co-operative Societies 327

11.6.Societies Registered under the Societies Registration Act 1860 328

11.7.Trade Unions 329

Chapter 12: PERSONAL LAW: MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE, GUARDIANSHIP,MAINTENANCE AND ADOPTION 331

12.1.Introduction 331

12.2.Marriage 331

12.3.Guardianship 342

12.4.Maintenance 345

12.5.Adoption 348

Chapter 13: LAW OF INSOLVENCY AND LIQUIDATION 353

13.1.Introduction 353

13.2.Initiation of Proceedings 355

13.3.Commencement of Insolvency 355

13.4.Collection of the Assets of the Insolvent 356

13.5.Distribution of the Assets of the Insolvent 358

13.6.Rehabilitation of the Insolvent 358

13.7.Conclusion of the Proceedings 359

Chapter 14: TRANSMISSION OF PROPERTY ON DEATH: THE LAW OF SUCCESSION 361

14.1.Introduction 361

14.2.Testamentary Freedom 363

14.3.Intestate Succession 364

14.4.Wills 367

14.5.Nominations and Joint Accounts 370

14.6.Residue Not Disposed by Will 371

14.7.Escheat 371

14.8.Administration and Distribution of Property 372

Chapter 15: CRIMINAL LAw 373

15.1.Introduction 374

15.2.Persons who can be Punished and Exceptions 374

15.3.Abetment, Criminal Conspiracy and Attempts 377

15.4.Mens Rea 379

15.5.Punishments 379

15.6.Offences against the State and Offences relating to the Army, Navy and the Air Force 380

15.7.Offences against Public Tranquillity 380

15.8.Offences by or relating to Public Servants 383

15.9.Offences against the Lawful Authority of Public Servants 385

15.10.Offences against Public Justice 385

15.11.Offences relating to Elections 386

15.12.Offences relating to Coins, Weights and Measures, Documents, Property Marks and Currency Notes 387

15.13.Offences affecting Public Health, Safety, Convenience, Decency and Morals 390

15.14.Offences against Religion 393

15.15.Offences affecting Life 393

15.16.Offences causing Miscarriage, Exposure of Infants and Concealing Birth 396

15.17.Offences causing Hurt and Grievous Hurt 397

15.18.Offences of Wrongful Restraint and Confnement 399

15.19.Offences of Criminal Force and Assault 399

15.20.Offences of Kidnapping, Abduction, Slavery and Forced Labour 400

15.21.Rape and other Sexual Offences 401

15.22.Offences against Property 403

15.23.Offences relating to Marriage 409

15.24.Offences of Cruelty by Husband or his Relatives 410

15.25.Defamation 410

15.26.Criminal Intimidation, Insult and Annoyance 412

Chapter 16: REGULATORY LAws 413

16.1.Introduction 413

16.2.Protection of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites,Antiquities 414

16.3.Social Welfare Legislation 415

16.4.Protection of Children and Mentally Handicapped Persons 417

16.5.Labour Legislation 418

16.6.Protection of Consumers 422

16.7.Regulation of Dangerous Things and Dangerous Activities 427

16.8.Development and Regulation of Industries 428

16.9.Regulation of Economic Activities 429

16.10.Protection of the Environment 434

16.11.Regulation of Professions and Occupations 441

16.12.Regulation of Transport 441

16.13.Regulation of Utilities 444

Chapter 17: TAx LAws 449

17.1.Introduction 449

17.2.Tax, Fee and Cess 449

17.3.Kinds of Taxes 450

17.4.General Principles 451

17.5.Principles of Interpretation of Tax Laws 452

17.6.Different Taxes 453

Chapter 18: ELECTION LAW 469

18.1.Introduction 469

18.2.Making of Constituencies 470

18.3.Election Commission 471

18.4.Electoral Rolls 472

18.5.Candidates 472

18.6.Holding of Elections: General 476

18.7.Rules for the Conduct of Elections: Powers of the Election Commission 477

18.8.Election Disputes 478

18.9.Electoral Offences 482

LAW DICTIONARY 485

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