THE ENVIRONMENTAL LAW OF THE SEAPDF电子书下载

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Preface 5

Contributors 6

Acknowledgements 7

Editorial Preface 8

Table of Contents 9

Chapter One The Environmental Law of the Sea:Historical Development&Douglas M.Johnston 17

A.The Rise of Environmentalism 17

B.Antecedents of International Environmental Law 20

1.Introduction 20

2.The Traditional Framework of Customary International Law 21

3.Early Treaty Arrangements(1815-1945) 21

a) International Waterways and Lakes 21

b) Wildlife Protection 23

c) Plant and Animal Protection and Disease Control 23

d) Conservation of the Living Resources of the Sea 24

C.Environmental Hazard Control(1945-1972) 25

1.Introduction 25

2.The Regulatory Response to Unnatural Hazards 27

a) Control of Environmentally Dangerous Weapons 27

b) Regulation of Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy 29

c) Regulation of Industrial Discharge and Waste Disposal 30

d) Prevention and Control of Ship-Generated Pollution 30

3.The Governability of Technocracy 34

D.Protection and Conservation of the Marine Environment(1945-1972) 37

1.Introduction:The Growth of Ocean Technology and Science 37

2.Changing Attitudes,Institutions,and Concepts(1962-1972) 39

a) The Advent of Environmentalism 39

b) The Re-Birth of IMCO 40

c) The Pardo Vision of Ocean Space 41

3.Pre-Stockholm Approaches to Marine Conservation 41

a) Introduction 41

b) Conservation of Marine Species 42

c) Prevention and Control of Marine Pollution 46

4.The Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment(1972) 46

E.Conservation Prospects at UNCLOS Ⅲ(1973) 48

1.The U.N.Seabed Committee(1968-1973) 48

a) Legacy of Geneva Law 48

b) Perceptions of Hazard and Crisis 49

c) Need for Conceptual Development 50

d) Rise of the Coastal State 50

2.The Conservation Agenda for UNCLOS Ⅲ 51

Notes 54

Chapter Two Living Resources of the Ocean&Cyrille de Klemm 71

A.Introduction 71

B.The Living Resources of the Ocean 72

1.The Nature of the Resources 72

2.The Exploitation of the Resources 73

3.The Threats to the Resources 74

a) Overexploitation 75

b) Habitat Destruction 76

c) Pollution 77

d) Introduction of Alien Species 78

4.The Conservation of the Resources 79

a) Ecological Processes and Life-Support Systems 79

b) Genetic Diversity 79

c) Sustainable Utilization 79

C.Basic Legal and Institutional Requirements for Resources Conservation and Management 85

1.Jurisdiction 85

2.Research 85

3.Regulations 86

4.Enforcement 88

5.Institutional Arrangements 89

D.The Development of Marine Conservation Law 90

1.The Traditional Law of Fisheries 90

a) Introduction 90

b) The Legal Regime of the Sea 90

c) Early Fisheries Agreements 92

2.The Codification of the Law of Fisheries-UNCLOSI 94

a) Jurisdiction 95

b) Conservation,Exploitation and the Problem of the New Entrants 97

c) Institutions 98

3.From UNCLOS Ⅰ to UNCLOS Ⅲ(1958-1973) 98

a) The Development of Ocean Exploitation 98

b) The Conclusion of New Fisheries Agreements 99

c) Research 100

d) The Control of the Threats Affecting Living Resources 102

e) The United Nations Agencies and the Conservation of Marine Living Resources 109

f) Conclusion-The Extension of Coastal State Jurisdiction 117

E.The New Regime of the Sea 120

1.The New Convention on the Law of the Sea 120

a) Introduction 120

b) Jurisdiction 122

c) Regulation of Fisheries 126

d) Conservation of Living Resources 129

e) Other Aspects of the New Convention which are Relevant to the Conservation of Living Resources 142

f) Conclusion 147

2.The Times of UNCLOS Ⅲ 149

a) Fisheries 149

b) The Regional Seas Programme 156

c) The Advent of Coastal Zone Management and the Development of Marine Protected Areas 158

d) The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals 161

F.General Conclusions 163

1.Institutional Arrangements 164

a) Inter-governmental Co-ordinating Body 165

b) Regional arrangements 166

c) National Centres 166

d) Conclusion 167

2.Fisheries 167

a) Obligation of Coastal States in Areas under their Jurisdiction 167

b) Stocks Shared between Neighbouring EEZs 169

c) Stocks Shared between the EEZ and an Adjacent Area of the High Sea 169

d) Highly Migratory Species 170

e) Marine Mammals 171

f) Anadromous and Catadromous Species 171

g) High Seas 171

h) Incidental Take 172

i) Fisheries Research 172

a Protection of Species 172

4.Protection of Habitats 173

a) Commercial Species 174

b) Other Species 175

c) Marine Protected Areas 175

5.Pollution 176

6.Introduction of Alien Species 178

7.Compensation for Damages 178

Notes 180

Chapter Three Prevention and Control of Marine Pollution&Martine Rémond-Gouilloud 193

Ⅰ Introduction Martine Remond-Gouilloud A.Pollution of the Marine Environment The Range of Harms and Hazards 193

B.Problems of Definition 193

C.Classification of Pollutants 194

D.Sources of Marine Pollution 196

1.Vessel-Source Pollution 196

2.Pollution by Dumping 197

3.Land-Based Pollution 197

4.Pollution from Seabed Activities 197

5.Pollution from Deep-Ocean Mining 198

E.Legal Approaches to Marine Pollution Control 198

F.The Need for Legal Development 202

Ⅱ Pollution from Vessels Jan Schneider A.Scope of the General Problem 203

B.Responses to Particular Problems 204

1.Introduction 204

2.Global Agreements 205

3.Regional Agreements 207

4.National Laws 208

C.Negotiation of "Umbrella Treaty" Provisions at UNCLOS Ⅲ 209

D.Processes and Mechanisms for the Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment 212

E.Problem Areas for Clarification or Progressive Development of International Law Related to Vessel-Source Pollution 214

F.Conclusion 217

Ⅲ Pollution from Dumping&Norman G.Letalik 217

A.Scope of the Problem 217

B.Global Responses to Ocean Dumping 219

1.Introduction 219

2.The Dumping Convention and its Impact on the Stockholm Conference and UNCLOS Ⅲ 220

3.The London Dumping Convention 221

4.Other Global Measures dealing with Ocean Dumping 224

a) The Stockholm Conference 224

b) UNCLOS Ⅲ 224

c) Other forums 225

C.Regional Responses to Ocean Dumping 225

1.The Oslo Dumping Convention 225

2.The Helsinki Convention 226

3.The Barcelona Protocol on Dumping 227

4.Other Regional Developments 227

D.National Responses to Ocean Dumping 228

E.Conclusion 229

Ⅳ Land-Based Pollution&Martine Remond-Guilloud 230

A.Scope and Nature of the Problem 230

1.Introduction 230

2.Special Characteristics of the Problem 231

a) Diversity of Causes 231

b) Importance of National Regulation 236

c) Inadequacy of Traditional Liability Provisions 236

B.Legal and Institutional Responses 237

1.National Responses 237

2.Regional Responses 238

a) Introduction 238

b) Northern and Western Europe 239

c) The Mediterranean 240

d) Red Sea and Gulf of Aden 242

e) Other Regions 242

3.Global Responses 242

C.Conclusions 244

1.National Legislation 244

2.Regional Co-operation 244

3.Integrated Planning 245

Ⅴ Pollution from Seabed Activities&Martine Remond-Gouilloud 245

A.The Nature and Scope of the Problem 245

1.The Threat to the Offshore Environment 245

2.The History of Environmental Injury in the Offshore 246

a) Santa Barbara 247

b) Ekofisk 247

c) IXTOC 1 247

B.The Global Response 248

C.The Regional Response 251

D.The National Response 251

E.Special Problems 253

1.Preparedness 253

2.Liability and Compensation Issues 254

F.Conclusion 258

Ⅵ Pollution from Deep Ocean Mining&James N.Barnes 259

A.Scope of the Problem 259

1.Introduction 259

2.Potential Environmental Impacts Associated with Nodule Recovery 260

3.Potential Environmental Impacts Associated with Processing 261

B.Environmental Responses at UNCLOS Ⅲ 262

1.Introduction 262

2.Environmental Obligations 262

3.Amendments and Revisions 264

4.Decision-Making Procedures 264

C.Priority Requirements 265

1.General Requirements for Deep Ocean Mining 265

2.Need for more Research and Information 266

3.Need for a Comprehensive System of Environmental Management 267

4.Need for Establishment of Protected Areas 267

5.Need for Avoidance of Conflicts of Interest 269

6.Need for Development of Standards and Measures 270

7.Need for Public Participation and Access to Information 270

8.Need for Interim Arrangements 271

Notes 272

Chapter Four Douglas Regional Approaches to the Protection and Conservation of the Marine Environment&M.Johnston and Lawrence M.G.Enomoto 285

A.Introduction 285

1.Regions and Regionalism 285

2.Marine Regions and Marine Regionalism 286

3.Regional Arrangements and UNCLOS Ⅲ 287

B.Regional Arrangements for the Protection and Conservation of the Marine Environment 288

1.Regional Agreements 288

2.Regional Organizations 304

C.Regional Developments(1945-1973) 311

1.The Pre-Stockholm Years(1945-1972) 311

a) Introduction 311

b) Conservation of Marine Species 311

c) Prevention and Control of Marine Pollution 313

2.Marine Regionalism and the Stockholm Conference(1972) 313

a) Introduction 313

b) Conservation of Marine Species 314

c) Prevention and Control of Marine Pollution 316

d) General 317

3.Marine Regionalism and the UN Sea-Bed Committee(1968-1973) 317

a) Introduction 317

b) Conservation of Marine Species 320

c) Prevention and Control of Marine Pollution 321

4.Conclusions 321

D.Regional Developments(1973-1980) 323

1.Regional Reactions to Extended Jurisdiction 323

2.Regional Seas Programme(UNEP) 324

a) Introduction 324

b) The Mediterranean 327

c) The Red Sea and Gulf of Aden 330

d) The Arabian-Persian Gulf 330

e) West Africa 331

f) The Caribbean 331

g) East Asian Seas 332

h) Southwest Pacific 333

i) Southeast Pacific 334

j) Southwest Atlantic 334

k) East Africa 334

l) Conclusions 334

3.Other UN Regional Programmes Concerned with the Protection and Conservation of the Marine Environment 337

a) FAO 337

b) ECOSOC 339

c) UNESCO 344

d) IMCO 345

e) UNDP 346

f) UN Regional Training Programmes 347

4.Other Regional Organizational Arrangements for the Protection and Conservation of the Marine Environment 348

a) Introduction 348

b) Baltic 348

c) Asia and the Pacific 349

d) Antarctic 352

E.Conclusions 353

1.The Regional Level of Treatment 353

2.The Role of Regional Co-operation in the Protection and Conservation of the Marine Environment 355

3.The Role of Regional Arrangements in the Protection and Conservation of the Marine Environment 355

a) General 355

b) Regional Agreements 356

c) Regional Organizations 357

4.Final Considerations 358

a) General 358

b) Conservation of Marine Species 358

c) Prevention and Control of Marine Pollution 360

Notes 362

Chapter Five The Environmental Law of the Sea:Conclusions and Recommendations&Douglas M.Johnston and Cyrille de Klemm in collaboration with Frangoise Burhenne-Guilmin and Daniel B.Navid 387

A.General Conclusions 387

1.Introduction 387

2.The Draft Convention on the Law of the Sea:Implementation of the Obligations of Major Environmental Significance 387

3.World Ocean Conservation Strategy 392

4.Adoption of Global Treaties 393

5.Global Co-ordination 394

6.Regional Co-operation 395

B.Recommendations 395

1.Discharge of existing obligations 395

2.Adoption of the projected Convention on the Law of the Sea 396

3.Discharge of environmental provisions of the Convention on the Law of the Sea 396

4.Review of existing environmental treaties 397

5.Global co-ordination 397

6.Role of UN agencies 398

7.Regional co-ordination 398

8.Role of UNEP's Regional Seas Programme 398

9.Role of FAO's Regional Fishery Development and Management Assistance Programme 399

10.Role of UNESCO's regional research programmes 399

11.Role of UN Economic Commissions 399

12.Development of ocean management 400

13.Development of coastal zone management 400

14.Protection of habitats and establishment of protected areas 400

15.Preservation of rare and endangered species 402

16.Introduction of alien species 403

17.Fishery management and conservation:protection of critical habitats 403

18.Fishery management and conservation:unit management 404

19.Fishery management and conservation:shared stocks 404

20.Fishery management and conservation:straddling stocks 404

21.Fishery management and conservation:total allowable catch 405

22.Fishery management and conservation:early warning system 406

23.Fishery management and conservation:assessment of socio-economic aspects of the new law of the sea 406

24.Incidental take:research and conservation requirements 407

25.Incidental take:emergency and preventive measures 407

26.Highly migratory species:amendment of Annex 407

27.Highly migratory species:regional arrangements 408

28.Marine mammals:regulation of whaling 408

29.Anadromous stocks and catadromous species:listing 409

30.Anadromous stocks and catadromous species:conclusion of agreements 409

31.Environmental assessment:assistance 409

32.Deep Ocean mining:environmental protection 410

33.Marine pollution:harmonized methodologies 411

34.Marine pollution emergencies:duty to notify 411

35.Marine pollution emergencies:contingency planning 411

36.Marine pollution from land-based sources:interregional comparisons 411

37.Marine pollution from sea-bed activities:environmental standards 412

38.Marine pollution associated with shore-based oil refineries:model contract 413

39.Marine pollution by dumping:wastes,toxic substances,and radioactive materials 413

40.Marine pollution from vessels:standard setting 414

41.Marine pollution from vessels:traffic management 414

42.Marine pollution from vessels:special areas 415

43.Marine pollution from vessels:emergency assistance to ships in distress 415

44.Marine pollution from vessels:wrecks 416

45.Marine pollution:ice-covered areas 416

46.Marine pollution:responsibility,liability and compensation 416

47.Marine pollution:review of shipping law 417

48.Marine scientific research:regional arrangements 417

49.Development and transfer of marine technology:national training and research 418

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