Legal aspects of international drug controlPDF电子书下载

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PART Ⅰ A Survey of the History of Drug-Use and Early Moves Towards International Control 1

Introduction 1

Chapter 1. Social and Cultural Aspects of Drug- Use and Historical Origins of the Use of Opium 3

1.1 Social and Cultural Aspects of Drug-Use 3

1.1.1 Causes of Demand for Drugs 5

1.2 Historical Origins of the Use of Opium 10

1.3 Early International Action for the Control of the Use of Opium 12

1.3.1 International Action for the Control of Illicit Trade and Traffic in Opium between the Sixteenth Century and the Shanghai Conference of 1909 12

1.3.2 The Anti-Opium Movement before the Shanghai Conference of 1909 20

1.3.3 Comments 24

Chapter 2: International Action for the Control of Trade and Traffic in Drugs between 1909 and 1919 35

2.1 International Action for the Control of Trade and Traffic in Drugs between 1909 and 1911 35

2.1.1 Introduction 35

2.1.2 The Shanghai Commission 36

2.1.2.1 Its Objectives 36

2.1.2.2 An Analysis of the Reports Submitted by the Participant States 37

2.1.2.3 An Analysis of the Shanghai Resolutions 37

2.1.2.4 China Re-visited 41

2.1.2.5 An Evaluation of the Shanghai Commission 43

2.2 International Action for the Control of Trade and Traffic in Opium between 1912 and 1919 44

2.2.1 Introduction 44

2.2.2 The Hague Opium Convention of 1912 45

2.2.2.1 An Analysis of the Convention 45

2.2.2.2 An Evaluation of the Convention 49

2.2.3 The Second Hague Opium Conference 51

2.2.4 The Third Hague Opium Conference 52

2.2.5 Comments 54

PART Ⅱ International Action for the Control of Trade and Traffic in Drugs between 1920 and 1944 69

Introduction 69

Chapter 3: The Organizational and Functional Framework as Devised by the League of Nations for the Purpose of Controlling the Manufacture of and Trade and Traffic in, Drugs 73

3.1 The Assembly and the Council of the League of Nations 73

3.1.1 The Scope of Work of the Assembly and the Council 73

3.1.2 Functions of the Assembly and the Council 73

3.1.3 Comments 75

3.2 The Advisory Committee on the Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs 76

3.2.1 Composition 76

3.2.2 Functions of the Opium Advisory Committee on the Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs 79

3.2.2.1 Introduction 79

3.2.2.2 Opium Advisory Committee as an aid to the League of Nations in Formulating Policies of Drug-Control 80

3.2.2.3 Opium Advisory Committee as a Supervisory Organ 81

3.2.3 Comments 83

3.3 The Permanent Central Board 84

3.3.1 Introduction 84

3.3.2 Composition 86

3.3.3 Functions of the Permanent Central Board 89

3.3.3.1 To Obtain Current Information Concerning the Actual Production/Manufacture, Stock, Consumption etc. of Drugs 89

3.3.3.2 To Supervise the Estimates of Drugs 91

3.4 The Supervisory Body 93

3.4.1 Composition 93

3.4.2 Functions of the Supervisory Body 95

3.5 The Health Committee of the League of Nations 97

3.5.1 Composition 97

3.5.2 Functions of the Health Committee 97

Chapter 4: An Examination of the Agreements and Conventions on Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs Concluded between 1920 and 1944 113

4.1 The First Geneva Agreement on Opium, 1925 113

4.1.1 A Critical Examination of the Agreement 113

4.1.2 Comments 115

4.2 The Geneva International Opium Convention of 1925 117

4.2.1 Introduction 117

4.2.2 An Analysis of the Convention 118

4.2.2.1 The Scope of the Convention 118

4.2.2.2 The Creation of the Permanent Central Board 119

4.2.2.3 The Creation and Implementation of the System of Import Certificates and Export Authorization 119

4.2.2.4 The Control of International Trade in Drugs 121

4.2.3 The Problems Encountered in Formulating this Convention 123

4.2.3.1 Problems of Definition of "Drugs" 124

4.2.3.2 Absence of Consensus in Bringing About a More Effective Limitation of the Production or Manufacture of Narcotic Substances 125

4.2.3.3 Problems in Securing the Universal Application of this Convention 126

4.3 The Agreement Concerning the Suppression of Opium Smoking, 1931 128

4.3.1 Introduction 128

4.3.2 A Brief Account of the Opium-Smoking Situation in the Countries in the Far East 130

4.3.2.1 Burma 130

4.3.2.2 Formosa 131

4.3.2.3 Kwantung Leased Territory 132

4.3.2.4 The British Possessions in the Far East (Malaya and Hong Kong) 132

4.3.2.5 The French Possession in the Far East (IndoChina) 134

4.3.2.6 The Portuguese Possession in the Far East (Macao) 135

4.3.2.7 The Netherlands Indies 136

4.3.3 The Commission of Enquiry into the Control of Opium-Smoking in the Far East 137

4.3.4 An Evaluation of the Agreement 140

4.4 The Convention for Limiting the Manufacture and Regulating the Distribution of Narcotic Drugs, 1931 142

4.4.1 Introduction 142

4.4.2 The Anatomy of the Convention 143

4.4.3 An Analysis of the Convention 145

4.4.3.1 Estimates 145

4.4.3.2 Limitation of Manufacture 148

4.4.3.3 Prohibition, Restriction and Control 150

4.4.3.4 The Suppression of the Illicit Traffic in Drugs 153

4.4.3.5 Administrative Provisions 155

4.4.4 Putting the Convention to Test 157

4.4.4.1 When is an Estimate not an Estimate? 157

4.4.4.2 Limits of Limitation 159

4.4.4.3 When "Control" means "Relative Restriction" 162

4.4.4.4 When Intimidation is more Effective than Assault 165

4.5 The Convention for the Suppression of the Illicit Traffic in Dangerous Drugs, 1936 168

4.5.1 Introduction 168

4.5.2 The Anatomy of the Convention 171

4.5.3 An Analysis of the Convention 172

4.5.3.1 Provisions Aimed at Improving Domestic Legislation to Suppress the Illicit Traffic in Drugs 172

4.5.3.2 Provisions Designed to Prevent Offenders from Escaping Punishment on Technical Grounds, and to Confiscate the Materials intended to be put into Illicit Traffic 175

4.5.3.3 Provisions concerning Administration and International Co-operation 176

4.5.3.4 Other Provisions 178

4.5.4 A Sigh of Relief? 178

4.5.4.1 Suppression of the Illicit Traffic in Dangerous Drugs—League Style 179

4.5.4.2 When "Punishment" means "Entering a Caution" only 183

4.5.4.3 Co-operation for Non-Co-operation 185

4.6 Re-visiting the Conventions 190

4.6.1 Introduction 190

4.6.2 The Geneva International Opium Convention of 1925 191

4.6.3 The Convention for Limiting the Manufacture and Regulating the Distribution of Narcotic Drugs, 1931 192

4.6.4 The Convention for the Suppression of the Illicit Traffic in Dangerous Drugs, 1936 194

4.7 Conclusions: Reflections on the Problem of an International Legal Order with Reference to Drug-Abuse 197

PART Ⅲ The Structure and Methods of International Drug Control through the United Nations 223

Introduction 223

Chapter 5: The Organizational Framework of the United Nations in Relation to the Control of Drugs 227

5.1 The Economic and Social Council of the United Nations 228

5.1.1 Functions of the Economic and Social Council 229

5.1.1.1 Functions under Article 62 of the UN Charter 229

5.1.1.2 Functions under Article 66 of the UN Charter 230

5.1.1.3 Functions under Articles 57 and 63 of the UN Charter 231

5.1.1.4 Comments 232

5.2 The Commission on Narcotic Drugs 234

5.2.1 Functions Emanating from the Narcotic Treaties 238

5.2.1.1 Functions Emanating from the Conventions and Protocols prior to the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 238

(a) Suppression of Opium-Smoking 241

(b) Implementation of the Existing System of Control 242

(c) Limitation of the Production of Raw Materials 243

(d) Limitation of the Manufacture of Drugs 245

(e) Suppression of Illicit Traffic 246

(i) Collection of Information Concerning Illicit Traffic in Drugs 246

(ii) Action against Illicit Trade 247

(f) Study of the Drug Problem 248

(g) Technical Assistance/Technical Co-opertion in Drug Control 249

5.2.1.2 Functions Emanating from the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 250

5.2.1.3 Functions Emanating from the Convention on Psychotropic Substances 252

5.2.2 Functions Imposed upon the Commission by the Economic and Social Council in virtue of Article 62 of the UN Charter 253

5.2.3 Functions Emanating from the Rules of Procedure of the Functional Commissions of the Economic and Social Council 254

5.2.4 Comments 255

5.3 The International Narcotics Control Board 256

5.3.1 Functions of the International Narcotics Control Board under the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 259

5.3.1.1 Administration of the Estimates System 260

5.3.1.2 Administration of the Statistical Returns System 261

5.3.1.3 To take Measures to Ensure the Execution of the Convention 263

5.3.1.4 Vigilance over the Manufacture and Importation of Drugs 271

5.3.2 Functions of the International Narcotics Control Board under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances 273

5.3.3 An Evaluation of the International Narcotics Control Board 273

5.4 The WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence 277

5.4.1 The Structure of the Expert Committee on Drug Dependence 279

5.4.1.1 Membership 279

5.4.1.2 Privileges and Immunities Granted to Experts 279

5.4.1.3 Experts' Decision-Making Capacity? 280

5.4.2 Functions of the Expert Committee on Drug Dependence 281

5.4.2.1 To Consider the Dependence Liability of a Drug and to Determine the Level of Control 282

5.4.2.2 To Classify Drugs in Accordance with the Level of Control Required 284

5.4.2.3 To Suggest Remedies to the Problems of Dependence on Drugs 288

5.4.2.4 Miscellaneous Functions 290

(a) Coded Information on Narcotics 291

(b) Treatment of Drug Addicts and their Rehabilitation 291

(c) Education and Training Programs 292

5.4.2.5 Relationship between the World Health Organization and the Commission on Narcotic Drugs in the International Control of Narcotic Drugs within the Framework of the United Nations 294

5.4.2.6 Comments 296

Chapter 6: An Examination of the Drug Protocols Concluded During the UN Period (Prior to the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961) 326

6.1 Introduction 326

6.2 The "1946 Protocol" 326

6.3 The "1948 Protocol" 327

6.4 Comments 329

6.5 The "1953 Protocol" 330

6.5.1 A Critical Examination of the Protocol 331

6.5.2 Comments 336

Chapter 7: An Examination of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 343

7.1 Introduction 343

7.2 Objectives of the Convention 343

7.3 The Scope of Control 344

7.4 Comments 354

7.5 General Obligations 355

7.6 Comments 358

Chapter 8: Limitation on Cultivation 367

8.1 The General Provisions Concerning Limitation on Cultivation 367

8.2 A Critical Examination of the Provisions Concerning Limitation on Cultivation 370

8.2.1 When isn't "Changed" the Converse of "Unchanged"? 371

8.2.2 When "Stringency" Stands for "Leniency" 373

8.3 Comments 376

Chapter 9: Limitation on the Production of Opium 380

9.1 The General Provisions Concerning Limitation on Production of Opium 380

9.2 A Critical Examination of the Provisions Concerning Limitation on Production of Opium 386

9.2.1 When "Prohibition" means "Restriction" only 386

9.2.2 Controlling without Organizing 387

9.2.3 Uprooting the Evil? 388

9.2.4 The Improbabilities of Limitation of Production 389

9.3 Comments 391

Chapter 10: Manufacture and Importation of Drugs: Limitation Thereof 396

10.1 The General Provisions Concerning Limitation of Manufacture and Importation of Drugs 396

10.1.1 A Critical Examination of the Limitation Regime 398

10.1.2 Comments 400

10.2 Estimates of Drug Requirements under the Single Convention as a means of Limiting Manufacture and Importation of Drugs 401

10.3 Statistical Returns of Governments as a Complementary Method to the Estimates System under the Single Convention 405

10.4 A Critical Examination of the Estimates and Statistical Returns Systems 410

10.4.1 Estimating Grossly? 410

10.4.2 Incompleteness of Statistics 413

10.4.3 Comments 416

Chapter 11: Control of Illicit Trade and Traffic in Narcotic Drugs 424

11.1 Introduction 424

11.1.1 The General Provision Concerning Trade in and Distribution of Narcotic Drugs and Sub-stances under the Single Convention 424

11.1.2 The Special Provisions Relating to International Trade in Narcotic Drugs 428

11.1.2.1 Some Extra Measures Concerning Export of Drugs 430

11.1.3 The Provisions Concerning International Action Against the Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs 434

11.1.4 The Penal Provisions Concerning Suppression of the Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs 436

11.2 A Critical Examination of the Provisions of the Single Convention Concerning Control of Trade and Traffic in Narcotic Drugs 439

11.2.1 The Limits of Control of Domestic Trade in and Distribution of Narcotic Drugs 439

11.2.2 The Limits of International Action Against the Illicit Trade in Narcotic Drugs 441

11.2.3 The Limits of International Action Against the Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs 443

11.2.4 The Limits of Penal Measures 445

11.2.5 The Provisions Concerning Settlement of Disputes 446

11.2.6 Comments 448

Chapter 12: An Examination of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, 1971 456

12.1 Introduction 456

12.2 Scope of Control 458

12.2.1 Comments 472

12.3 Means of Control 473

12.3.1 Licences 473

12.3.2 Records 475

12.3.3 Accountability 478

12.4 Remedial and Punitive Measures in the Event of Abuse of Psychotropic Substances 482

12.4.1 Remedial Measures 482

12.4.2 Penal Measures 483

12.5 Provisions Relating to International Trade 485

12.6 Other Provisions 493

12.7 Comments 494

PART Ⅳ Contributions of Some of the Inter-Governmental and International Non-Governmental Organizations Concerned with the Eradication of Illicit Trade and Traffic in Narcotic Drugs 497

Introduction 497

Chapter 13: The Organization and Functions of Interpol and the Ingos in the Control of the Drug-Trade 499

13.1 The International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol) 499

13.1.1 Introduction 499

13.1.2 Method and Scope of its Functions 500

13.1.3 Classification of its Functions 501

13.1.3.1 Preventive Functions 501

13.1.3.2 Curative Functions 502

13.1.4 Comments 502

13.2 International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs) 506

13.2.1 A Brief Account of some such Organizations 506

13.2.2 Relationship between the INGOs and the World Organization 508

13.2.3 Law-Making Functions of the INGOs 510

13.2.4 Comments 511

Conclusions 523

Section Ⅰ 523

Section Ⅱ (Reflections on the Problem of an International Legal Order with reference to Drug-Abuse) 526

Bibliography 547

League of Nations Documents 556

United Nations Documents 557

World Health Organization Technical Report Series 559

Miscellaneous Documents 560

Table of Cases 562

Appendices 563

Index 581

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