International economic sanctionsPDF电子书下载

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1. Introduction 1

Scope of the book 4

2. Overview of the history and effectiveness of sanctions 8

A. From 1918 through World War Ⅱ 9

B. Sanctions from 1945 on 10

3. Nonemergency laws: an overview and bilateral government programs 32

A. An overview of the nonemergency laws 32

B. Bilateral government programs 37

C. Conclusions 61

4. Exports from the United States 63

A. The Export Administration Act 64

B. The Atomic Energy Act 85

C. The Arms Export Control Act 87

D. The Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986 93

E. GATT and export controls 95

F. Conclusions 98

5. Imports to the United States 99

A. Section 232 and national security: does it cover only foreign oil? 100

B. Foreign policy statutes limited to particular countries, products, or issues 109

C. Running afoul of the GATT 131

D. Conclusions 140

6. Private financial transactions 141

A. The credit provisions of the Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986 143

B. Stop those exports: section 15 of the EAA 145

C. The Johnson Debt Default Act 148

D. Federal lending limits 149

E. Twisting arms 151

F. Conclusions 156

7. International financial institutions 158

A. Voting systems 163

B. Alliances and informal persuasion 164

C. Case studies 165

D. Conclusions 172

8. Miscellaneous laws for nonemergencies 174

A. The antiboycott laws: the United States strikes back 175

B. The UN Participation Act: but for the veto 180

C. Conclusions 183

9. Present laws for a declared national emergency 184

A. A brief but colorful history to 1977 186

B. TWEA is still good enough for some situations 190

C. Past and present uses of IEEPA 191

D. Current issues surrounding IEEPA 196

E. Conclusions 208

10. Possible powers of the President beyond the statutes 209

11. Looking to the allies 219

A. The United Kingdom 220

B. West Germany 222

C. The European Community 223

D. Japan 229

12. Planning for the future 233

A. Threshold considerations 236

B. The broad alternatives: a major restructuring 238

C. Specific recommendations 243

D. Conclusions 270

Selected bibliography 272

Index of cases 282

General index 284

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