FORENSIC SCIENCE HANDBOOK VOLUME IIPDF电子书下载

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CHAPTER 1 MOUNTEBANKS AMONG FORENSIC SCIENTISTS, 1

INTRODUCTION, 2

CATEGORIES, 6

Academites, 7

Careerists, 7

THE ACADEMITES, 7

Milton V. Kline, 7

David Bruce Twedell, 9

Thomas N. Curran, 11

Richard Zielinski, 13

Hugh J. McGuire, 14

Dennis Michaelson, 15

CAREERISTS, 18

David S. Felman, 18

William R. Douglas, 19

R.A. Steindler, 20

Direct Examination by Defense Council, 21

Cross-Examination by the Prosecutor, 23

PROTOCOLS, PALLIATIVES, PRESCRIPTIONS, CARMINATIVES, AND NOSTRUMS, 29

A Prosecution for Purgery, 29

New Trial Motion, 30

Two Proposals, 30

Precognition of Credentials, 31

CHAPTER 2 FORENSIC CAPILLARY GASCHROMATOGRAPHY, 38

INTRODUCTION, 39

CHROMATOGRAPHY, 40

CAPILLARY COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY, 45

WCOT Columns, 46

Capillary CG Equipment, 48

Mobile-Phase Supply, 48

Injection Systems, 49

Oven, 54 Detectors, 54

Data Collection, 55

CHROMATOGRAPHIC CHARACTERIZATION, 55

LARGE DIAMETER CAPILLARY COLUMNS, 57

APPLICATIONS, 59

CONCLUSIONS, 65

CHAPTER 3 FORENSIC IDENTIFICATION OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES, 68

INTRODUCTION, 69

THE SCOPE OF DRUG ANALYSIS, 70

SURVEY OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES, 70

PHILOSOPHICAL AND FORENSIC BASIS FOR ANALYSIS OFCONTROLLED SUBSTANCES, 72

The Concept of Scientific Proof, 72

Planning an Analytical Scheme, 73

The General Unknown, 75

The Analysis of Tablets and Capsules, 76

Insufficient Material for Analysis, 77

ANALYTICAL METHODS, 78

Preliminary Examination, 78

Screening Tests, 80

Spot Tests, 80

Microscopic Tests, 80

Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry, 82

Separation Tests, 82

Confirmatory Tests, 83

Infrared Spectrophotometry, 84

GasChromatography—Mass Spectrometry, 85

Other Tests for Controlled Substances, 85

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, 85

Polarimetry, 86

Mixed Melting Point, 86

SPECIFIC CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES, 86

Marijuana, 87

Legal Definition, 87

Occurrence, 88

Active Ingredients, 88

Preparation of △ 1-Trans-THC, 89

Methods of Analysis, 89

Legal/Scientific Problems, 91

Cocaine, 92

Legal Definition, 92

Occurrence, 92

Extraction and Preparation, 93

Methods of Analysis, 94

Legal/Scientific Problems, 96

Heroin, 99

Legal Definition, 99

Occurrence, 100

Methods of Analysis, 100

Legal/Scientific Problems, 101

Phencyclidine, 101

Legal Definition, 101

Occurrence, 103

Preparation, 103

Methods of Analysis, 104

Legal/Scientific Problems, 104

LSD, 105

Legal Definition, 105

Occurrence, 105

Preparation, 106

Methods of Analysis, 106

Legal/ScientificProblems, 107

Amphetamines, 108

Legal Definition, 108

Occurrence, 108

Preparation, 109

Methods of Analysis, 109

Legal/Scientific Problems, 111

Barbiturates, 111

Legal Definition, 111

Occurrence, 111

Preparation, 112

Methods ofAnalysis, 112

Legal/Scientific Problems, 114

Mescaline, 114

Legal Definition, 114

Occurrence, 115

Extraction and Preparation, 115

Methods ofAnalysis, 116

Legal/Scientific Problems, 116

Psilocybin and Psilocin, 116

Legal Definition, 116

Occurrence, 117

Extraction and Preparation, 117

Methods of Analysis, 117

Legal/Scientific Problems, 118

Designer Drugs, 119

APPENDIX 3-1: SPOT TESTS FOR SOME COMMON DRUGS, 122

APPENDIX 3-2: REAGENTS FOR SPOT TESTS, 123

APPENDIX 3-3: MICROCRYSTAL TESTS FOR COMMON DRUGS, 125

APPENDIX 3-4: RECIPES FOR MICROCRYSTAL TEST REAGENTS, 128

CHAPTER 4 MICROSCOPY AND MICROCHEMISTRY OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE, 161

INTRODUCTION, 162

COLLECTION AND EXAMINATION OF MICROTRACES, 164

Collection of Microtraces, 164

Hand Picking, 164

Adhesive Tape, 165

Vacuuming, 165

Washing, 167

Scraping, 168

Preliminary Examination and Particle Manipulation, 168

Identification of Particles, 172

Morphology, 172

Optical Constants and Numerical Methods, 174

Microchemical Tests, 176

Instrumental Methods, 183

Electron Microprobe/Scanning Electron Microscope, 184

X-Ray Diffraction, 185

Micro-FTIR Spectroscopy, 187

A CATALOG OF SOME MICROTRACES WITH SUGGESTIONS FOR THEIR IDENTIFICATION AND COMPARISON, 189

Biological Substances, 189

Wood, 190

Pollen, 191

Leaves, 193

Seeds, 194

Starches, 194

Algae, 195

Miscellaneous Biological Traces, 196

Polymers, 197

Metals, 199

Transparent Crystalline Particles, 200

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, 203

CHAPTER 5 THE FORENSIC ASPECTS OF TEXTILE FIBER EXAMINATION, 209

INTRODUCTION, 210

FIBER CLASSIFICATION, 211

HOW FIBERS OCCUR AS PHYSICAL EVIDENCE, 214

The Exchange Principle and Fiber Transfer, 215

Fiber Persistence, 216

FIBER RECOVERY, 218

At the Scene, 218

In the Laboratory, 218

Contamination Prevention, 220

FIBER IDENTIFICATION, 221

General Rules for Fiber Identification, 222

Microscopical Examination, 222

Determination of Optical Properties, 223

Determination of Isotropic RefractiveIndex, 227

Determination of Birefringence and Sign of Elongation, 228

Determination of n? and n?, 230

Demounting Fibers, 230

Preparation of Cross Sections, 230

Infrared Spectroscopy, 231

Hot-Stage Microscopy, 233

Solubility Tests, 236

Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography, 237

Other Methods for Identification of Man-Made Fibers, 238

Identification of Vegetable Fibers, 238

Identification of Animal Fibers, 239

FIBER COMPARISON, 241

Obtaining and Preparing Comparison Samples, 242

Microscopical Characteristics, 242

Fluorescent Properties, 243

Optical Properties, 244

Microspectrophotometdc Analysis, 245

Fiber Type, 248

Dye Analysis byThin-Layer Chromatography, 248

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF FIBER EVIDENCE, 255

Error Probabilities in Associative Evidence, 255

Theory of the Significance of Fiber Evidence, 256

Some Empirical Studies, 257

Factors Affecting the Strength of Fiber Evidence, 258

THE FUTURE OF FORENSIC FIBER EXAMINATION, 259

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, 262

CHAPTER 6 PATERNITY TESTING, 273

INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY, 274

The Problem of Illegitimacy, 274

Scientific History, 274

Legal History, 276

BASIC SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND FOR PATERNITY TESTING, 277

Basic Genetics, 277

Population Genetics, 280

Hardy-Weinberg Calculation: Enzyme X, 281

Basic Probability, 283

NATURE AND DESIGN OF PATERNITY TESTS, 284

General Scientific Design, 284

The Legal Aspects of Paternity Testing, 288

Identification, 288

Consent Confidentiality, 288

Collection of Blood Specimens, 288

Laboratory Testing and Controls, 289

Reporting of Results and Conclusions, 289

Expert Testimony, 289

Assumptions, 289

RED CELL ANTIGEN TYPINGS IN CASES OF DISPUTED PATERNITY, 291

Basic Genetics, 292

Other Factors Involved in the Selection and Use of Red Cell Antigens in Paternity Testing, 293

ABO Blood Group System, 294

Rh Blood Group System, 298

Genetics, 299

RHO (D) Phenotype, 301

Determination of Most Probable Genotype, Rh System, 302

Possible Genotypes, 302

Alleles of the Cc and Ee Loci, 303

Compound Antigens, 303

Deleted Phenotypes, Rh Null, Variant Alleles, Variant e(hr"), 303

MNSs Blood Group System, 304

KellBlood Group System, 307

Duffy Blood Group System, 308

Kidd Blood Group System, 309

Pitfalls in Red Cell Antigen Phenotyping, 310

RED CELL ISOENZYMES AND SERUM PROTEINS IN PATERNITY TESTING, 312

Electrophoresis, 313

Examples of Red Cell Enzyme and Serum Protein Used in Paternity Testing, 314

Phosphoglucomutase (PGM), 314

Gc: Group-Specific Component, 315

Application of Red Cell Enzymes and Serum Proteins in Patemity Testing, 316

THE HLA SYSTEM IN PATERNITY TESTING, 318

Genetics of HLA System, 319

Biochemistry of HLA, 322

Detection of HLA Antigens, 323

The HLA System Applied to Paternity Testing, 324

Pitfalls of HLA Testing, 325

ANALYSIS OF INFORMATION GENERATED IN A PATERNITY TEST, 326

Exclusionary Evidence, 327

Inclusionary Evidence, 329

Typical Calculation of Paternity Index for ABO System, 330

PATERNITY TESTING TECHNOLOGY IN THE FUTURE, 334

CHAPTER 7 THE IDENTIFICATION ANDINDIVIDUALIZATION OF SEMEN STAINS, 347

INTRODUCTION, 348

IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES, 348

Perception of Stained Areas, 349

Extraction of Semen Stains, 350

ChemicalbTests for Soluble Components Charocteristic of Semen, 350

Spermine, 350

Choline, 351

Acid Phosphatase, 352

Identification of Semen by Observation of Spermnatozoa, 355

Physiology of Spermatozoa, 356

Morphology of Spermatozoa, 357

Postcoital Residence Time of Spermatozoa in the Female Reproductive Tract, 357

Recovery of Spermatozoa from Substrates of Semen Deposition, 360

Identification of Azoospermic Semen Stains, 360

Seminal Fluid Acid Phosphatase as an Identifier of Semen Presence, 361

p30 as an Identifier of Semen, 363

INDIVIDUALIZATION OF SEMEN STAINS, 369

Blood Group Substances, 370

Lewis Antigens, 371

Seminal Fluid Isoenzymes Suitable for Individualizing Semen Stains, 373

Phosphoglucomutase, 374

Peptidase A, 379

Gm AIIoantigens, 379

DNA Polymorphisms, 380

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, 382

CHAPTER 8 FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION, 393

INTRODUCTION, 394

TYPES OF FIREARMS, 395

MANUFACTURE OF FIREARMS, 398

CONSTRUCTION OF FIREARM AMMUNITION, 401

Bullets, 401

Propellants, 404

Primers, 406

Cartridge Cases, 408

Shotshells, 409

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND, 411

PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS OF FIREARMS, 417

PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS OF FIRED BULLETS AND CARTRIDGES, 419

Determination of Caliber, 419

Determination of Number of Lands and Grooves, 421

Determination of the Direction and Degree of Twist of the Rifling, 422

Widths of Land and Groove Impressions, 423

Comparing Bullets with the Comparison Microscope, 423

EXAMINATION OF FIRED CARTRIDGES, 430

ESTIMATION OF THE RANGE OF FIRE, 434

Estimations Based on Gunshot Residue Patterns, 434

Range of Fire from Shotgun Pellet Patterns, 439

SAWED OFF SHOTGUNS, 444

SILENCED FIREARMS, 445

ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF BULLETS AND SHOTGUN PELLETS, 447

APPENDIX 8-1: THE RESTORATION OF STAMPED SERIAL NUMBERS, 448

APPENDIX 8-2: CHEMICAL TESTS FOR SHOTGUN RESIDUE, 449

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