LIMITATION OFLIABILITY FORMARITIME CLAIMS FOURTH EDITIONPDF电子书下载

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PART A:A COMMENTARY ON THE 1976 LIMITATION CONVENTION AND OTHER RELEVANT REGIMES 3

1.INTRODUCTION 3

2.HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF LIMITATION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM 5

3.THE 1976 LIMITATION CONVENTION AND ITS 1996 PROTOCOL 7

Explanatory Note 7

CHAPTER I—THE RIGHT OF LIMITATION 7

Article 1:Persons entitled to limit liability 7

Article 1[Text] 7

(a)Shipowners 7

(b)Salvors 12

(c)Seagoing ships and hovercraft 12

(d)Other persons 13

(e)Owner/master 14

(f)Liability insurer 15

(g)Summary 16

Excluded persons/excluded vessels 16

Harbour authorities:right of limitation 17

Article 2:Claims subject to limitation 17

Article 2[Text] 18

Article 2(1) 18

Article 2(1)(a) 18

Article 2(1)(b) 21

Article 2(1)(c) 22

Article 2(1)(d) 22

Article 2(1)(e) 24

Article 2(1)(f) 24

Article 2(2) 25

Loss of or damage to valuables;loss or damage by fire 26

Article 3:Claims excepted from limitation 26

Article 3[Text] 26

Article 3(a) 26

Article 3(b) 27

Article 3(c) 29

Article 3(d) 29

Article 3(e) 29

Summary 30

Article 4:Conduct barring limitation 31

Article 4[Text] 31

Ⅰ.The effect of Article 4 31

(a)"Personal"act or omission 33

(b)The"person liable" 34

(c)"Loss" 35

(d) 35

(ⅰ)"Such loss" 35

(ⅱ)"Intent to cause such loss" 37

(ⅲ)"or recklessly and with knowledge that such loss would probably result" 37

Ⅱ.Onus of proof under Article 4 39

Ⅲ.The overall effect of the changes 40

Ⅳ.Vestiges of section 502 of the MSA 1894 41

Article 5:Counterclaims 41

Article 5[Text] 41

CHAPTER Ⅱ—THE LIMITS OF LIABILITY UNDER LLMC AND THE 1996 PROTOCOL 43

Article 6:The general limits[Text] 44

Article 7:The limit for passenger claims[Text] 44

Article 8:Unit of account[Text] 45

Article 6:The general limits 48

Article 6(1) 48

Article 6(2) 49

Article 6(3) 50

Article 6(4) 50

Article 6(5) 50

Calculation of limitation tonnage 51

Transitional provisions 52

Article 7:The limit for passenger claims 52

The position in the United Kingdom 55

Summary of limits 56

For loss of life/personal injury claims only 56

Other claims 56

Total potential exposure where there are personal and property claims 57

Passenger claims 57

Article 8:Unit of account 57

Article 9:Aggregation of claims 57

Article 9[Text] 57

Comment 58

Introduction to Articles 10-14 58

Article 10:Limitation of liability without constitution of a limitation fund 58

Article 10[Text] 59

Article 10(1) 59

Article 10(2) 59

Article 10(3) 59

The position in the United Kingdom 59

Notes on procedure 62

CHAPTER Ⅲ—THE LIMITATION FUND 64

Article 11:Constitution of the fund[Text] 64

Article 12:Distribution of the fund[Text] 65

Article 13:Bar to other actions[Text] 65

Article 14:Governing law[Text] 65

Article 11:Constitution of the fund 66

Article 11(1) 66

Article 11(2) 69

Article 11(3) 69

Article 12:Distribution of the fund 69

Article 12(1) 69

Article 12(2) 70

Article 12(3) 71

Article 12(4) 71

Costs 72

Legal costs of a limitation action under CPR 73

Liens or other rights in respect of any ship or property—effect on distribution 73

Article 13:Bar to other actions 74

Article 13(1) 74

Article 13(2) 76

General aims of the subsection 76

The mechanics of the subsection 77

Article 13(3) 78

Article 14:Governing law 78

Forum shopping 80

Jurisdiction in the EU 82

CHAPTER Ⅳ—SCOPE OF APPLICATION 86

Article 15[Text] 86

Article 15(1) 87

Article 15(2) 87

(a)Non-sea-going ships 88

(b)Ships of less than 300 tons 88

Article 15(3) 88

Article 15(3)bis 89

Article 15(4) 89

Article 15(5) 89

CHAPTER Ⅴ—FINAL CLAUSES 91

Article 16:Signature,ratification and accession[Text] 91

Article 17:Entry into force[Text] 91

Article 18:Reservations[Text] 91

Article 19:Denunciation[Text] 92

Article 20:Revision and amendment[Text] 92

Article 21:Revision of the limitation amount and of unit of account or monetary unit[Text] 92

Article 22:Depositary[Text] 93

Article 23:Languages[Text] 93

Article 17:Entry into force 93

Article 17(1) 93

Article 17(4) 93

Article 18:Reservations 94

Article 18(1) 94

Article 18(1)as amended by the 1996 Protocol 94

Article 20:Revision and amendment,and Article 21:Revision of the limitation amount and of unit of account or monetary unit 94

4.LIMITATION:PASSENGER CLAIMS 95

The passenger contract:general principles 95

The Athens Convention 1974 95

The position in the United Kingdom 95

Article 1:Definitions 96

Article 1[Text] 96

(a)Carrier/performing carrier 97

(b)Contract of carriage 98

(c)Ship 98

(d)Passenger 99

(e)Luggage/cabin luggage 99

(f)Loss of or damage to luggage 99

(g)Carriage 100

(h)International carriage 100

Article 2:Application 100

Article 2[Text] 100

Article 3:Liability of the carrier 101

Article 3[Text] 101

Article 4:Performing carrier 101

Article 4[Text] 101

Article 5:Valuables 101

Article 5[Text] 101

Article 6:Contributory fault 102

Article 6[Text] 102

Articles 3-6[Comment] 102

Article 7:Limit of liability for personal injury 103

Article 7[Text] 103

Article 8:Limit of liability for loss of or damage to luggage 103

Article 8[Text] 103

Article 9:Units of account and conversion 103

Article 9[Text] 103

Article 1O:Supplementary provisions on limits of liability 103

Article 10[Text] 103

Articles 7-10[Comment] 104

Article 11:Defences and limits for carriers' servants 104

Article 11[Text] 104

Article 12:Aggregation of claims 105

Article 12[Text] 105

Articles 11 and 12[Comment] 105

Article 13:Loss of right to limit liability 105

Article 13[Text] 105

Article 14:Basis for claims 105

Article 14[Text] 105

Articles 13 and 14[Comment] 105

Article 15:Notice of loss or damage to luggage 106

Article 15[Text] 106

Article 16:Time bar for actions 107

Article 16[Text] 107

Articles 15 and 16[Comment] 107

Article 17:Competent jurisdiction 108

Article 17[Text] 108

Article 17[Comment] 108

Article 18:Invalidity of contractual provisions 108

Article 18[Text] 108

Article 18[Comment] 108

Article 19:Other conventions on limitation of liability 109

Article 19[Text] 109

Article 19[Comment] 109

Article 20:Nuclear damage 109

Article 20[Text] 109

Article 21:Commercial carriage by public authorities 109

5.ATHENS PROTOCOL 2002 111

Protocol of 2002 to the Athens Convention relating to the Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage by Sea 1974 111

Article 1:Definitions 111

Article 1[Text] 111

Article 2(Article 1(1))[Text] 112

Article 2[Comment] 112

Article 3(Article 1(10)and(11)) 112

Article 3[Text] 112

Article 3[Comment] 112

Article 4:Liability of the carrier 113

Article 4(Article 3)[Text] 113

Article 4[Comment] 114

Article 5(Article 4 bis)Compulsory insurance 116

Article 5[Text] 116

Article 5[Comment] 118

Article 6(Article 7)Limitation of liability 120

Article 6[Text] 120

Article 6[Comment] 120

Article 7(Article 8) 120

Article 7[Text] 120

Article 7[Comment] 121

Article 8(Article 9)Units of account 121

Article 8[Text] 121

Article 8[Comment] 121

Article 9(Article 16(3))Time bar for actions 121

Article 9[Text] 121

Article 9[Comment] 122

Article 10(Article 17)Competent jurisdiction 122

Article 10[Text] 122

Article 10[Comment] 123

Article 11(Article 17 bis)Recognition and enforcement 123

Article 11[Text] 123

Article 11[Comment] 124

Article 12(Article 18)Invalidity of contractual provisions 124

Article 12[Text] 124

Article 12[Comment] 124

Article 13(Article 20)Nuclear damage 124

Article 13[Text] 124

Article 13[Comment] 125

Article 14(Article 1 bis):Certificate of insurance 125

Article 14[Text] 125

Article 14[Comment] 125

Article 15:Interpretation and application 125

Article 15[Text] 125

Article 15[Comment] 125

Article 16:Final clauses 126

Article 16[Text] 126

Article 16[Comment] 126

Article 17:Signature,ratification,acceptance,approval and accession 126

Article 17[Text] 126

Article 17[Comment] 126

Article 18:States with more than one system of law 127

Article 18[Text] 127

Article 18[Comment] 127

Article 19:Regional economic integration organizations 127

Article 19[Text] 127

Article 19[Comment] 128

Article 20:Entry into force 128

Article 20[Text] 128

Article 20[Comment] 128

Article 21:Denunciation 128

Article 21[Text] 128

Article 21[Comment] 129

Article 22:Revision and amendment 129

Article 22[Text] 129

Article 22[Comment] 129

Article 23:Amendment of limits 129

Article 23[Text] 129

Article 23[Comment] 130

Article 24:Depositary 131

Article 24[Text] 131

Article 24[Comment] 131

Article 25:Languages 131

Article 25[Text] 131

Article 25[Comment] 131

Resolutions 131

Implementation 132

6.LIMITATION:CARRIAGE OF GOODS 133

History 133

Relationship between the Hague,Hague-Visby and Hamburg Rules and the 1976 Limitation Convention 134

Example 135

Package limitation 136

(ⅰ)Hague Rules 136

(a)"Per package or unit" 137

(b)Bulk cargo 137

(c)Containerised cargo 137

(d)Cargo lost or damaged 140

(e)"￡100" 140

(ⅱ)Hague-Visby Rules 140

Example 1—Light cargo 142

Example 2—Heavy cargo 142

Goods lost or damaged 142

Containerised cargo 142

"Said to contain""STC" 144

Delay 145

(ⅲ)Hamburg Rules 146

Article 6:Limits of liability[Text] 147

Article 7:Application to non-contractual claims[Text] 147

Article 8:Loss of right to limit liability[Text] 147

(ⅳ)Can the carrier of goods rely on lower"package"limits? 149

(ⅴ)No"package"limit 151

(ⅵ)Loss of right to rely on package limitation 151

(a)Hague Rules 151

(b)Hague-Visby Rules 153

(c)Hamburg Rules 154

(ⅶ)Persons who can limit liability 155

(1)Owners and charterers 155

(a)Hague/Hague-Visby/Hamburg Rules 155

(b)1976 Convention 156

(2)Other"carriers" 156

(a)Hague/Hague-Visby/Hamburg Rules 156

(b)1976 Convention 156

(3)Servants and agents of a carrier 156

(a)Hague Rules 156

(b)Hague-Visby Rules 157

(c)Hamburg Rules 158

(ⅶ)Claims which are subject to limitation 158

(a)Hague and Hague-Visby Rules 158

(b)Hamburg Rules 159

(c)1976 Convention 159

PART B:COUNTRY ANALYSIS FOR LIMITATION OF LIABILITY FOR MARITIME CLAIMS 163

7.ARGENTINA 163

8.AUSTRALIA 169

9.BELGIUM 181

10.BRAZIL 191

11.CANADA 199

12.CHILE 205

13.PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA 213

14.CROATIA 219

15.DENMARK 223

16.FINLAND 229

17.FRANCE 237

18.GERMANY 245

19.GREECE 251

20.HONG KONG 259

21.INDIA 265

22.IRELAND 271

23.ISRAEL 275

24.ITALY 279

25.JAPAN 281

26.KOREA 295

27.MALTA 301

28.MEXICO 313

29.NETHERLANDS 317

30.NEW ZEALAND 327

31.NIGERIA 339

32.NORWAY 343

33.PAKISTAN 351

34.PHILIPPINES 361

35.POLAND 367

36.SINGAPORE 371

37.SLOVENIA 391

38.SOUTH AFRICA 395

39.SPAIN 409

40.SWEDEN 417

41.TURKEY 427

42.USA 447

43.VENEZUELA 461

APPENDICES 471

Ⅰ.Section 503 of the Merchant Shipping Act 1894 as amended by(a)Merchant Shipping(Liability of Shipowners and Others)Act 1958;(b)section 12 of the Merchant Shipping Act 1984 471

Ⅱ.Sections 153,154,183,184,185,186 and 191 of the Merchant Shipping Act 1979 473

Ⅲ.Merchant Shipping Act 1995,Schedule 6,Parts Ⅰ and Ⅱ;1976 Protocol and 1990 Protocol to amend the Athens Convention 1974 479

Ⅳ.Merchant Shipping Act 1995,Schedule 7,Parts Ⅰ and Ⅱ and 1996 Protocol to amend the Limitation Convention 1976 493

Ⅴ.Tonnage-based International Limitation Conventions—Ratifications and Accessions 505

Ⅵ.Statutory Instruments 509

1.Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage By Sea(United Kingdom Carriers)(Amendment)Order 1989 509

2.Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage By Sea(United Kingdom Carriers)Order 1987 510

3.Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage By Sea(Interim Provisions)Order 1980 511

4.The Merchant Shipping(Liability of Shipowners and Others)(Rate of Interest)Order 2004/931 513

5.The Merchant Shipping(Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims)(Amendment)Order 1998—SI 1258 514

6.Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage By Sea(Interim Provisions)(Notice)Order 1980 517

7.The Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage by Sea(Domestic Carriage)Order 1987 518

8.Hovercraft(Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims)(Amendment)Order 1998 520

Ⅶ.Carriage of Goods By Sea Act 1971(The Hague-Visby Rules) 523

Ⅷ.United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods By Sea 1978(The Hamburg Rules) 531

Ⅸ.Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims:Contracting States 545

Ⅹ. 549

1.Protocol of 2002 to the Athens Convention Relating to the Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage by Sea,1974 549

2.Consolidated text of the Athens Convention Relating to the Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage by Sea,1974 and Protocol of 2002 to the Convention 561

ⅩⅠ.Extracts from Civil Procedure Rules Part 61 and Practice Direction 61 575

ⅩⅡ.Section 20 of the Supreme Court Act 1981 581

Index 583

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