1 Introduction 1
2 Taking Inked Prints 9
Prints of the Living 10
Other Devices and Materials for Recording Prints 19
Major Criminal Prints 22
Printing Problem Subjects 25
Printing the Deceased 28
3 Classification 35
Fingerprints 36
Palm Prints 59
Sole Prints 67
4 The Evidence Print 71
The Latent Print 72
The Visible Print 73
The Plastic Impression 74
Locating, Developing, Preserving, and Collecting Evidence Prints 76
Determining the Age of an Evidence Print 107
5 Photography of Prints and Impressions 111
The Camera 112
Film 115
Use of Colored Filters 118
Lighting 118
6 The Basis of the Comparison 129
Class Characteristics 129
Individual Characteristics 142
Determining Identity 146
7 Comparing Prints 151
Orienting the Evidence Print 152
Locating Minutiae 172
Tonally Reversed Prints 182
Laterally Reversed Prints 185
Distortion 186
Overlain Prints 188
8 Some Comparisons of Evidence Prints 191
9 Reporting and Testifying to Conclusions 207
References 211
Index 215