Challenges for Human RightsPDF电子书下载

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Ⅰ Introduction 1

Ⅱ A Study of Some of the Main Challenges Currently Presented to Human Rights 3

1 Multiculturalism and Human Rights 3

1.1 What Is Meant by Multiculturalism as a Contemporary Phenomenon? 3

1.2 Multicultural Education as the Opposite of'Ethnocentric" Education. Tolerance as a Key Concept 8

1.3 The State's Answer: Neutrality or Interventionism? 9

1.4 The Value of Conflict 11

1.5 The Clash between Liberalism and Communitarianism. The "Cosmopolitan" Alternative 11

1.6 Individual Rights and Collective Rights. Respect for Minorities 13

1.7 Pluralism 14

1.8 The Classification of Moral Temperaments 16

1.9 The Mass Media as a Manipulator of Public Opinion, as Opposed to Pluralism and Respect for Minorities 19

2 The International Criminal Court 21

2.1 Precedents 21

2.1.1 Before World War II 21

2.1.2 After World War II 22

A The International Military Tribunals of Nuremberg and Tokyo 22

a General Considerations 22

b The Nuremberg International Military Tribunal 23

c The Tokyo International Military Tribunal 25

B The Ad Hoc International Criminal Tribunals for the Ex-Yugoslavia and Rwanda 26

C The Human Rights Chamber for Bosnia Herzegovina 27

D The Commission Instituted between Ethiopia and Eritrea 28

E The Special Court for Sierra Leone 29

2.2 Its Creation and Statute 30

2.3 Deficiencies and Limitations of the International Criminal Court: Still a Long Way to Go 37

2.4 International Sanctions in the World Today 39

2.5 The Survival of National Sovereignty 41

3 Globalization and Human Rights 44

3.1 Moving towards a New World Order 44

3.2 General Considerations Regarding Globalization 47

3.3 The Differences between the Concepts of Worldization, Globalization and Universalization 53

3.4 Some Pending Subjects about Globalization 55

3.5 Globalization and Immigration 57

3.6 The Impact Of Globalization On Law 60

4 The Most Recent Generations of Human Rights 61

4.1 First and Second Generation Rights. Conceptual Difference 61

4.2 Third Generation Rights 65

4.3 Do Fourth Generation Rights Exist? 66

4.3.1 The Problem of Its Implementation and Effectiveness 66

4.3.2 Advances in Biomedicine 67

A The Problem Entailed by Cloning 67

B Biotechnologies and Privacy 69

4.3.3 The Problem of New Technologies 71

A The Problems Related to Internet Regulation 71

B The So-called "Electronic Civil Disobedience" as a Newly Appearing Phenomenon 79

5 The Right to Peace and War Conflicts at Present 82

5.1 The Evolution of the Conception of War after 9/11: From "Defensive" War to "Preventive" War 83

5.2 Is It Possible to Speak of a "Just War"? 86

5.3 Terrorism and the "War on Terror" 88

5.3.1 An Explanation on the Subject of International Terrorism in the World Today 88

5.3.2 Solutions to the Problem of Terrorism: Is There Room for a Utopia? 93

A The Value of Visionary Dreams 93

B The Limit of Reality 95

6 The Issue of "Gender" 96

Ⅲ Some Concluding Thoughts 101

Ⅳ Bibliography 105

Index 133

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