POLLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL WATERCOURSESPDF电子书下载

查看更多关于的内容

PART ONE PRELIMINARY TOPICS 3

Ⅰ.INTRODUCTION 3

Ⅱ.DEFINITION OF CERTAIN CONCEPTS 7

A.WATER POLLUTION 7

B.POLLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL WATER- COURSES OR TRANSFRONTIER POLLUTION OF INLAND SURFACE WATERS 17

Ⅲ.CERTAIN PARALLEL INTERNATIONAL LEGAL DE-VELOPMENTS 23

A.INTERNATIONAL LEGAL DEVELOPMENTS CON- CERNING NON-INTERGOVERNMENTAL PROCEEDINGS 23

1.Introduction 23

2.Domestic proceedings 24

2.1.Proceedings in the country of origin of the transfrontier environmental interference 24

2.1.1.Proceedings before administrative authorities or administrative courts 24

2.1.2.Proceedings before civil courts 31

2.1.3.Proceedings before criminal courts 42

2.2.Proceedings in the country where the injury caused by the transfrontier environmental inter- ference is sustained 42

2.2.1.Proceedings before administrative authorities or administrative courts 42

2.2.2.Proceedings before civil courts 43

2.2.3.Proceedings before criminal courts 49

3.The domestic approach compared with the inter- governmental approach and viewed from the per- spective of public international law 50

4.Certain international non-intergovernmental ap- proaches in dealing with transfrontier environ- mental interferences 64

4.1.Out-of-court settlements 64

4.2.The approach followed in the 1971 Finnish-Swed- ish Frontier Rivers Agreement 65

B.THE DEVELOPING ENVIRONMENT LAW OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY 68

1.The adoption of a Community environment pol-icy 68

2.Activities of a legislative character concerning pollution of inland surface waters 70

2.1.Measures concerning the discharge of certain dangerous substances 70

2.2.The establishment of water quality objectives for certain water uses or functions 73

2.3.Measures aimed at the reduction of pollution caused by specific industries 74

2.4.Measures relating to certain products or goods 75

2.5.Measures relating to the disposal of waste 76

3.The relationship between Community law and in- ternational law in respect of pollution of transfrontier （surface） water pollution 76

C.POLLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL WATER- COURSES AND MARINE POLLUTION 78

PART TWO SUBSTANTIVE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF RIPARIAN STATES INTER SE UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW IN RESPECT OF POLLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL WATERCOURSES 89

Ⅳ.TREATY LAW 89

A.INTRODUCTION 89

B.TREATY PROVISIONS NOT SPECIFICALLY RE- LATING TO POLLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL WATERCOURSES 89

1.Treaty provisions dealing with certain specific pollutants 90

2.Treaty provisions which establish a regime of joint sovereignty over contiguous international watercourses or provide for the common use of such watercourses 92

3.Certain other treaty provisions which （may） con- cern pollution 93

4.Concluding remarks 97

C.TREATY PROVISIONS RELATING SPECIFICALLY TO POLLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL WATER- COURSES 98

1.Introduction 98

2.The method applied by States in dealing with pol- lution 100

3.Scope and stringency of the provisions 109

3.1.The meaning of “scope” and “stringency” 109

3.2.The scope of the provisions 110

3.2.1.Type and geographic scope of the waters covered by the provisions 110

3.2.2.Protected interests 113

3.2.3.Types of pollutants or sources of pollution 114

3.3.The stringency of the provisions 115

4.Conclusions 122

D.TABLE OF INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS CON- TAINING SUBSTANTIVE PROVISIONS CONCERN- ING POLLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL WATER- COURSES 124

Ⅴ.GENERAL INTERNATIONAL LAW 149

A.THE NATURE OF GENERAL INTERNATIONAL LAW 149

1.Customary international law 149

1.1.The nature of customary international law 149

1.2.The value of consistent treaty provisions as evi- dence of customary international law 153

2.General principles of law recognized by civilized nations 160

2.1.Introduction 160

2.2.Principles of national law 161

2.3.Principles of international law 162

2.4.Conclusion 164

B.THE SEARCH FOR CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW AND PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW APPLICABLE TO POLLUTION OF INTER- NATIONAL WATERCOURSES 165

1.Europe 166

1.1.The Rhine basin 166

1.1.1.Introduction 166

1.1.2.Developments preceding the 1972 Conference of Ministers of the Member States of the Rhine Commission 171

（a） The salinity of the Rhine 171

（b） The thermal pollution of the Rhine 173

（c） The chemical pollution of the Rhine 174

1.1.3.The First Conference of Ministers of the Member States of the Rhine Commission 175

1.1.4.Subsequent developments leading to the con- clusion of the 1976 Chlorides and Chemical Pol- lution Conventions 181

1.1.5.The signing of the 1976 Chlorides and Chemical Pollution Conventions and subsequent develop-ments 183

（a） The 1976 Chlorides Convention 183

（b） The 1976 Chemical Pollution Convention 187

1.1.6.Developments concerning the thermal pollution of the Rhine since the First Conference of Minis- ters 191

1.1.7.Evaluation of the practice of the riparian States of the Rhine 191

1.1.8.Proceedings before the District Court of Rotter- dam against the Mines Domaniales de Potasse d’Alsace 196

1.1.9.Proceedings before the Tribunal Administratif of Strasbourg 205

1.2.Austria 206

1.3.Belgium 213

1.4.France 218

1.5.Germany 224

1.6.Italy 233

1.7.The Netherlands 236

1.8.Switzerland 243

1.9.Northern Europe 252

1.10.Eastern Europe 254

1.11.Collective statements at the European level 256

2.America 260

2.1.Mexico - United States - Canada 260

2.2.Latin America 288

3.Africa 296

4.Asia 302

4.1.The Middle East 302

4.2.India - Pakistan/Bangladesh 307

5.State conduct and opinion regarding nuclear （weapon） tests from the environment point of view 319

6.International collective statements 327

7.Conclusions 342

7.1.Preliminary conclusions as to the substantive gen- eral international law specifically relating to pol- lution of international watercourses 342

7.1.1.The type and geographic scope of the waters into which the introduction of the pollutants occurred 342

7.1.2.The nature and extent of harm which may not be caused 343

7.1.3.The nature of State conduct prohibited or re- quired 348

7.1.4.Certain aspects concerning the validity of the rule 356

7.2.Preliminary conclusions as to the substantive principle（s） of general international law appli- cable to the utilization of the waters of inter- national watercourses 360

7.2.1.The nature and extent of harm which may not be caused 361

7.2.2.The nature of State conduct prohibited or re- quired 371

7.3.Preliminary conclusions as to the substantive principle（s） of general international law appli- cable to transfrontier environmental inter- ferencesin general 372

7.3.1.The nature and extent of harm which may not be caused 373

7.3.2.The nature of State conduct prohibited or re- quired 378

7.4.Final conclusions， based on the international practice of States， concerning the substantive in- ternational law applicable to pollution of inter- national watercourses 381

C.GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF NATIONAL LAW （POSS- IBLY） APPLICABLE TO POLLUTION OF INTER- NATIONAL WATERCOURSES 387

1.The condition of transplantability 387

2.The requirement of being generally recognized by civilized nations 395

3.Interferences between states of federal unions 397

3.1.United States 397

3.1.1.Introduction 397

3.1.2.Pollution of interstate streams 400

3.1.2.1.Supreme Court decisions 400

（i） The Mississippi River Sewage Litigation： Mis- souri v.Illinois （1901）， （1906） 400

（ii） The New York Harbour Sewage Litigation： New York v.New Jersey （1921） 403

（iii） Other Supreme Court decisions in interstate disputes in which pollution of interstate streams has played a role 405

3.1.2.2.Interstate compacts 408

3.1.2.3.Growing federal interference with the powers of the states with regard to the pollution of interstate streams 412

3.1.3.Interference with the waters of interstate streams not consisting in pollution： Supreme Court de- cisions 413

3.1.4.Other transfrontier interferences not involving the waters of interstate streams： Supreme Court decisions 421

3.2.Switzerland 423

3.3.The German Reich and the German Federal Re- public 432

3.4.Other federal States 438

4.Interferences between neighbouring landowners 441

4.1.Europe 441

4.1.1.France 441

4.1.2.German Federal Republic 448

4.1.3.USSR 453

4.1.4.England 455

4.2.America 465

4.2.1.United States 465

4.2.2.Latin America 473

4.3.Africa 475

4.4.Asia 481

5.Conclusions 486

5.1.Preliminary conclusions concerning interferences between states of federal unions 486

5.2.Preliminary conclusions concerning interferences between neighbouring landowners 490

5.2.1.Pollution and utilization of watercourses 490

5.2.2.Pollution and utilization of diffused surface water or groundwater 492

5.2.3.Interferences in respect of the use and enjoyment of land 492

5.3.Final conclusions concerning principles of national law relating to interferences between states of federal unions or neighbouring land- owners 496

Ⅵ.INTERNATIONAL CASE LAW 503

A.INTRODUCTION 503

B.INTERNATIONAL CASE LAW 504

1.Pollution of the waters of international water- courses 504

2.Utilization of the waters of international water- courses 505

2.1.Helmand River Delta Case （Afghanistan v.Iran） 505

2.2.Territorial Jurisdiction of the International Com- mission of the River Oder Case 505

2.3.Lake Lanoux Case （France v.Spain） 508

3.Transfrontier environmental interferences in general 517

3.1.Trail Smelter Case （United States v.Canada） 517

3.2.Corfu Channel Case （Merits） （United Kingdom v. Albania） 525

3.3.The Island of Palmas Case （United States v.The Netherlands） 527

C.CONCLUSIONS 528

Ⅶ.ACADEMIC VIEWS 531

A.INTRODUCTION 531

B.CONTENT AND NATURE OF THE SUBSTANTIVE OBLIGATIONS OF RIPARIAN STATES IN RESPECT OF POLLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL WATER- COURSES 531

C.REASONS WHICH MAY ACCOUNT FOR THE DI- VERGENCE IN ACADEMIC VIEWS 554

D.PRINCIPLES OR CONCEPTS ADVANCED IN ACA- DEMIC WRITINGS IN RESPECT OF THE USE OF THE WATERS OF INTERNATIONAL WATER- COURSES， INCLUDING THAT CAUSING POL- LUTION 556

1.The principle of absolute territorial sovereignty 557

2.The physical unity of an international water- course or water system as a source of rights and obligations of the riparian States 558

3.The international watercourse or water system considered as a special legal entity 560

4.Certain principles of international river law 561

5.The principle of （absolute or restricted） territorial integrity 562

6.Neighbourship law 563

7.The principle of non-discrimination 569

8.Sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas 570

9.The principle prohibiting abuse of rights 572

10.The concept of the international community or of the community of States and the principle of in- ternational solidarity between States 577

11.The principle（s） of State responsibility 579

E.CONCLUSIONS 580

Ⅷ.FINAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE SUBSTANTIVE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF RIPARIAN STATES INTER SE UNDER GENERAL INTERNATIONAL LAW IN RE- SPECT OF PREVENTION OR ABATEMENT OF POL- LUTION OF INTERNATIONAL WATERCOURSES 583

PART THREE ASPECTS OF STATE RESPONSIBILITY AND STRICT LIABILITY 587

Ⅸ.ASPECTS OF STATE RESPONSIBILITY AND STRICT LIABILITY CONCERNING POLLUTION OF INTER- NATIONAL WATERCOURSES 587

A.INTRODUCTION 587

B.STATE RESPONSIBILITY FOR AN INTER- NATIONALLY WRONGFUL ACT INVOLVING POL- LUTION OF INTERNATONAL WATERCOURSES 587

1.Conditions for State responsibility 587

1.1.Conduct attributable to the State under inter- national law 588

1.2.Breach of an international obligation 589

1.3.The element of fault 595

1.4.The element of damage 596

2.Consequences of State responsibility 598

2.1.Introduction 598

2.2.Restitution 598

2.3.Compensation 600

2.4.Satisfaction 613

3.Some special aspects 614

3.1.Problems of proof 614

3.2.The question of the necessity of exhausting local remedies 618

3.3.The question of the necessity of a connection of nationality 624

3.4.The requirement of a special interest 625

4.Transfrontier water pollution： international de- lict or international crime？ 626

C.LIABILITY FOR THE HARMFUL CONSEQUENCES OF LAWFUL ACTS INVOLVING POLLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL WATERCOURSES 629

1.Introduction 629

2.Activities which do not entail strict liability under international law or an obligation to see to it that compensation can be obtained under national law 630

3.Activities which （possibly） entail strict liability under international law or an obligation to see to it that compensation can be obtained under national law 630

3.1.Activities of which the wrongfulness is precluded by consent， force majeure and fortuitous event， distress or a state of necessity 630

3.2.Certain activities which definitely cause substan- tial extraterritorial harm 632

3.3.Certain activities involving a risk of causing sub- stantial extraterritorial harm 634

3.3.1.Introduction 634

3.3.2.Treaty law 636

3.3.3.Customary international law or principles of in- ternational law 638

3.3.4.General principles of national law 642

3.3.4.1.Introduction 642

3.3.4.2.France 644

3.3.4.3.German Federal Republic 644

3.3.4.4.USSR 646

3.3.4.5.England 648

3.3.4.6.United States 649

3.3.4.7.Latin America 651

3.3.4.8.Africa 652

3.3.4.9.Asia 654

3.3.4.10.Does a general principle of national law exist？ 656

4.Concluding remarks 659

BIBLIOGRAPHY 663

INDEX OF CASES 705

INDEX OF WATERCOURSES 711

INDEX OF SUBJECTS 715

查看更多关于的内容