CRIMINOLOGY HUMAN RIGHTSPDF电子书下载

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CHAPTER 1 Introduction, 1

An Illustration of Academic Criminology: Analysis of the Pnhlic Defender System, 4

Definitional Issues: Crime, Morality, and Dangerousness, 5

Crime and the Political Process, 6

Ethical Orientation, 7

Traditional Assumptions, 8

Alleged Value Neutrality in Contemporary Criminology, 11

Methodology for a Democratic Criminology, 15

Law and Morality, 17

PART ONE Causes, Types, and Amount of Crime 23

CHAPTER 2 Criminological Theories of the Nature of Crime and the Nature of People, 23

Some Historical Origins of Modern Criminology, 23

Positivism of Criminology, 25

Social Control and Societal Reactions, 34

Conflict Theory, 41

Deterrence: Twentieth-century Neoclassicism, 44

Summary and Discussion of Recent Developments, 45

Criminological Research Methods, 49

Conclusion, 51

CHAPTER 3 Crime and Crime Victims, 55

Violent Crime, 55

Female Crime, 60

Crime with Unaware Victims, 61

The Offender as Victim: Juvenile Delinquency, 77

Imaginary Victims, 80

Conclusion, 83

CHAPTER 4 Organized Crime, 87

Definition of Organized Crime, 89

The Nature of the Proof of Organized Crime, 92

Historical Origins, 96

Ethnicity, 97

Organized Crime: Secret or Public? 100

Organized Crime: Strong or Weak? 101

Legitimate Business and Organized Crime, 102

Attempts to Control Organized Crime, 104

Summary and Conclusion, 107

CHAPTER 5 The Measurement of Crime, 110

The Creation of Crime Waves, 110

Various Official Crime Records, 113

Political and Technical Problems in Crime Recording, 116

The Meaning and Construction of Crime Rates, 122

Other Crime Measurement Techniques, 124

Conclusion, 130

PART TWO Origins of Written Law 134

CHAPTER 6 The Social Basis of Law, 134

Is Law Necessary, 134

Law in Small, Nonliterate Societies, 136

Legal Change and Human Values, 137

Legal Change and Disobedience, 139

Assumptions Regarding the Relationship of Law and Order, 141

Theories of the Origins of Law, 142

Conclusion, 152

CHAPTER 7 The Origins of American Marihuana Laws, 156

Theories and Empirical Results, 158

Conceptual Precision, 159

Structural Foundations and Triggering Events, 162

Nebraska's Marihuana Law, 162

Utah's Drug Laws, 164

The Federal Marihuana Tax Act of 1937, 167

Nevada's Marihuana Law, 169

Learning a Lesson: A Note on the Debacle in New York, 173

Summary, 174

PART THREE Administration of Criminal Law 178

CHAPTER 8 Administration of Criminal Law: The Police, 178

Delivery of Police Services, 178

Explanations of Police Behavior, 181

Empirical Evidence for the Various Conceptual Models, 192

Conclusion, 198

CHAPTER 9 Administration of Criminal Law: The Courts, 203

Court Processes, 205

The Bail System, 207

Criminal Lawyers, 213

Judges, 221

Juries, 223

Conclusion, 227

CHAPTER 10 Administration of Criminal Law: Psychiatrists, 230

Pretrial Psychiatric Examination (Fitness to Stand Trial), 232

Determination of Criminal Responsibility, 234

Role in Determining Punishment or Treatment Progralns, 237

Mental Health and Juvenile Justice, 247

Conclusion, 250

PART FOUR Punishment of Crime 253

CHAPTER 11 Control and Prevention of Crime, 253

Control of Crime through Punishment, 253

Punishment hy Death, 260

Legislation Limiting Constitutional Rights, 264

Crime Prevention, 264

Control of Crime through Rehabilitation, 265

Full Employment, 268

Legalization and Decriminization, 269

Conclusion, 271

CHAPTER 12 History of Incarceration, 275

Ancient and Medieval Penal Practices, 275

Effect of Economic Development, 277

American Penal Practices, 278

Contemporary Prisons, 287

Summary, 295

CHAPTER 13 Effects of Formal and Informal Prison Organization, 297

Total Institutions, 297

Socialization and Resocialization Systems, 300

Prison Life, 301

Summary, 319

CHAPTER 14 Possibility of Psychological Change in Prisons, 321

Psychological and Social Changes in Extreme Prison Situations, 321

American Prison Rehabilitation Programs, 328

Traditional Versus Democratic Treatment Alternatives, 335

Proposal fOr a New Type of Rehabilitative Program, 341

Conclusion, 341

CHAPTER 15 Human Nature, Human Rights, and the Development of Criminological Theory, 344

Liberals, Conservatives, and the Scientific Spirit, 344

INDEX, 356

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