THE INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION VOLUME 2：ACCIDENTS AT SEAPDF电子书下载

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CHAPTER Ⅰ-REPORTING,INVESTIGATION,STATISTICS AND CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS 1

(i) REPORTING OF CASUALTY OR INCIDENT 2

1.IMO Requirements 2

IMO Resolutions 2

IMO Conventions 3

Deficiency Reports 5

2.English Law Requirements 6

(ii) INQUIRIES AND INVESTIGATIONS 10

1.IMO Rules 10

2.English Law Rules 13

Historical background 13

The objective of an inquiry 14

The Law governing inquiries 14

Formal Investigation 16

Re-hearing and appeal 19

Inquiries into the death of a person on a British ship 20

Prohibition or Improvement Notices 22

(iii) CASUALTY STATISTICS 24

IMO statistics 24

Recent statistics(1930-34) 25

(iv) CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS 29

1.Defects in the design,structure of the ship or failure of the machinery 30

2.Nature of the cargo,fires,explosions and/or method of stowage 32

3.Perils of the Sea 34

4.Sub-standard ships 35

The EEC Memorandum on Port Control,1982 38

5.Working methods 41

6.Human error 42

7.War,sabotage and maritime fraud 44

PART ONE ACCIDENTS 49

CHAPTER Ⅱ-COLLISION AS A MAJOR CAUSE OF ACCIDENTS 51

(i) THE COLLISION RULES 54

1.A brief analysis of the Collision Regulations,1972 54

2.The 1981 Amendments(first set) 61

3.Proposed Amendments(second set) 62

Rule 3(h) 62

Rule 8(f) 62

Rule 10(a) 63

Rule 10(c) 64

Rule 10(d) 64

Annex Ⅰ,Section 2(d) 65

Annex Ⅰ,Section 2(i)(ii) 65

Annex Ⅰ,Section 10 65

Annex Ⅳ,paragraph l(i) 65

4.Duties of Masters in cases of collision 65

(ii) CIVIL LIABILITY 68

1.Fault 68

Elements of fault 68

A-Duty to take care 69

Good seamanship:a common law duty 69

Statutory duty 71

B-Breach of duty 72

Inevitable accident 73

Evidence 74

Res ipsa loquitur 75

Conditions for application of res ipsa loquitur 76

2.Damages 77

Division of damages 78

Right of recovery against two negligent vessels 79

3.Causation 79

Intervening natural event 81

Intervening act of a third party 81

Intervening act of the plaintiff 82

4.Limitation of liability 83

The meaning of "ship" 84

Persons entitled to limit liability 84

Fault or privity 84

The amount of limitation 88

(iii) CRIMINAL LIABILITY 91

1.General Principles 91

Meaning of a crime 91

Elements of a crime 92

Mens Rea 92

Wilful default 93

Recklessness 95

Negligence 96

Actus Reus 97

Offences of strict liability 97

2.Vicarious liability 98

Where the servant's act is his Master's act in law 99

Where the Master delegates his duties to the servant 101

Where the servant is capable of being a Master 103

3.Defences 103

Mistake 103

Drunkenness or intoxication by drugs 105

Necessity or agony of the moment 106

Superior orders 107

4.Particular offences 108

Failure to render assistance following a collision 108

Proceeding to sea from a UK port in contravention of a detention order 109

Carrying passengers in excess of a certified maximum 109

Proceeding against the traffic flow in a traffic separation scheme 109

A ship is unfit to go to sea without serious danger to life 110

Discharge of oil or oily mixture into the sea from ships 111

5.The Jurisdictional zones 112

Territorial waters 112

High seas 112

CHAPTER Ⅲ-OTHER CAUSES OF NAVIGATIONAL ACCIDENTS 115

(i) VESSEL TRAFFIC SERVICES(VTS) 116

1.General Considerations 116

Background development 116

Meaning of VTS 118

Worldwide application of VTS 118

The IMO role 119

The EEC decision 119

Aspects of VTS 120

2.Operational Procedures 120

Objectives and reasons 120

VTS Authority 121

Scope of application 121

Elements of VTS 124

Code of Practice 126

3.Legal Aspects 126

The duty and responsibility of the harbour authority 127

Safe port 129

Regulations of the harbour 130

The information provided by the VTS 135

The duties of the Master 136

The liability of the Controller and the Master 137

(ii) ACCIDENTS CAUSED BY DEFECTIVE CHARTS 141

1.Charting Principles 144

A.The functions of the chart 146

B.The work and duties of the chartmaker or hydrographer 146

The work 146

Compilation 146

Promulgation 147

Production 148

The duties 148

C.The efforts of the IHO 149

Establishment 149

Objectives 150

Problems with which the IHO are concerned 150

The major works of the IHO 152

Co-operation with the IMO 153

Regional hydrographic commissions or charting groups 156

D.Future development:the electronic chart 157

Advantages 158

Disadvantages 159

2.Rules on Liability 160

A.Liability of the chartmaker 160

Meaning of 'product' 163

Meaning of the term "defective" 164

Subsidiary rules 165

B.The agent's liability 167

C.The shipowner's liability 168

D.The Master's liability 170

E.Liability for defects in the electronic chart 171

(iii) ACCIDENTS WITH WRECKS 174

When a ship becomes a wreck 174

Meaning of "wreck" 176

Title to the wreck 177

Historic and dangerous wreck sites 180

Duties of the owner 184

Duty to mark the wreck 184

The marks 186

Duty to remove the wreck 188

Duties and powers of the harbour authority 189

Liability to third party 191

Limitation of liability 194

The IMO efforts 196

The 1972 draft 196

The 1974 draft 196

Geographical scope of application of the proposed instrument 197

Types of "hazards" covered by national laws 198

The party responsible 198

Financial liability 199

PART TWO CONSEQUENTIAL ACTIONS AND CLAIMS 201

CHAPTER Ⅳ-SALVAGE AND TOWAGE 203

(i) THE LAW OF SALVAGE 204

The concept of salvage 205

Public and private rules 206

Recent developments 207

Reforms 209

1.The rules of salvage 210

The incidents of salvage 210

Maritime property 210

Ship 211

Wrecks 211

Cargo 211

Bunkers 211

Freight 211

Aircraft 212

Human lives 212

Services in tidal and non-tidal waters 213

Services to an aircraft 214

Action to be taken when survivors are picked up 214

A.Conditions of a reward 214

(a) Danger 215

(b) Voluntary character of the services 217

Legal duty 217

The Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force 218

Coastguards 219

RNLI 220

Contractual duty 221

(c) Success 223

Relations between several salvors 224

Lien 225

B.Negligence of the salvor 225

Limitation of liability 227

C.Assessment of the award 227

Apportionment 232

Interest on salvage remuneration 232

2.Salvage Agreements 233

A.Application of the general rules of the law of contract 233

Setting aside the agreement 233

Parties to the agreement 234

B.The Lloyd's Standard Form of Salvage Agreement(LOF 1980) 235

Analysis of the Agreement 236

The Preamble 236

Clause 1(a) 236

Clause 1(b) 238

Clause 1(c) 239

Clause(d) 239

Clause 2.Owners' duties 239

Clause 3 239

Clauses 4 and 5 239

Clause 6(a) and(b) 239

Conduct of the arbitration(cl.11 and 12) 242

Provisions as to appeal(cl.13) and Conduct of the appeal(cl.14) 242

Provisions as to payment(cl.15) 243

General provisions 243

3.The draft Convention on Salvage 244

Art.1-1 Definitions 245

Art.1-2 Scope of application 247

Art.1-3 Salvage operations controlled by Public Authorities 247

Art.1-4 Salvage Contracts 248

Art.1-5 Invalid contractual terms 248

Art.2-1 Duty of Owner and Master 249

Art.2-2 Duties of the Salvor 249

Art.2-3 Duty to render assistance 250

Art.2-4 Co-operation of Contracting States 250

Art.3-1 Conditions for reward 250

Art.3-2 The amount of the reward 251

Art.3-3 Special Compensation 251

Art.3-4 Apportionment between Salvors 253

Art.3-5 Salvage of Persons 253

Art.3-6 Services rendered under existing contracts 253

Art.3-7 The effect of salvor's misconduct 253

Art.3-8 Prohibition by the Owners or Master 254

Art.4-1 Maritime lien 254

Art.4-2 Duty to provide Security 254

Art.4-3 Interim payment 254

Art.4-4 Limitations of actions 255

Art.4-5 Jurisdiction 255

Art.4-6 Interest 256

Art.4-7 Publication of Arbitral Awards 256

Art.5-1 Limitation of liability 257

(ii) THE LAW OF TOWAGE 258

Resolution A.535(13) 259

1.The Rules of Towage 260

A.Duties of the tug and tow 260

Common duties 260

Duties of the tug 261

Duties of the tow 263

B.Limitation of liability 265

2.Contracts of Towage 266

Distinction between towage and carriage 266

Train boats 267

LASH 268

Supply of Goods and Services Act,1982 271

Standard Forms 272

Analysis of the UK Standard Conditions for Towage and Other Services(Revised,1983) 274

CHAPTER Ⅴ-GENERAL AVERAGE 281

Introduction 282

Historical background of the general average rules 282

The nature of the Rules 283

(i) General Average Act 284

A sacrifice 284

An expenditure 284

Conditions 285

(ii) Outline of the Rules 288

1.The Lettered Rules 289

2.The Numbered Rules 292

(iii) Adjustment of General Average Contribution 296

Valuation of the Contributing Interests 298

Security 301

The Average Bond 302

The Underwriters' Guarantees 303

Deposits 304

Evaluation of the Rules 305

CHAPTER Ⅵ-PERSONAL INJURY 307

(i) SEAFARERS AND OTHER PERSONS ON BOARD THE SHIP 308

Safety Regulations 309

Occupational safety 311

The "Code of Safe Working Practice for Merchant Seamen" 311

1.General Principles 313

Common law 313

The tort of negligence 315

Measure of damages 318

Breach of statutory duties 320

Access between ship and shore 320

Protective clothing 322

Dangerous goods 322

2.Safety,Liability and Compensation Acts 324

A.Safety Acts and Regulations 324

The Factories Act,1961 324

The Health and Safety at Work Act,1974 326

The Merchant Shipping(Safety Officials and Reporting of Accidents and Dangerous Occurrences) Regulations,1982 327

The Merchant Shipping(Health and Safety:General Duties)Regulations,1984 330

B.Liability and Compensation Acts 332

The Occupiers' Liability Act,1957 332

The Employers' Liability(Compulsory Insurance) Act,1969 334

The Employers' Liability(Defective Equipment) Act,1969 337

3.Jurisdiction 339

The place of tort 339

Can an employee bring his action before a foreign court? 341

The Jones Act in the United States 342

Factors to be considered 345

(ii) PASSENGERS 348

1.The Athens Convention on the Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage on Board Ships,1974 348

2.Carriage of Passengers under English Law 352

A.Safety Rules 352

Ships engaged on international voyages 352

Ships not engaged on international voyages 353

B.Transport Rules 355

CHAPTER Ⅶ-POLLUTION 361

(i) OIL 364

1.The discharge provisions and related requirements 364

Discharge provisions 364

Reporting 366

Reception facilities 368

Keeping oil records 373

2.Liability and Compensation 375

The CLC,1969 375

The Fund Convention,1971 377

Voluntary Schemes:Tovalop and Cristal 377

(iii) NOXIOUS LIQUID SUBSTANCES 380

1.Hazards and duties 380

A.Hazards 380

Chemicals 380

The release of liquefied gas into the atmosphere 380

Safety regulations 382

B.Duties 384

The IMO Codes 384

Annex Ⅱ of MARPOL 385

The Merchant Shipping Prevention of Pollution(Reception Facilities) Order,1984 386

State liability 388

2.The Draft Convention on Hazardous and Noxious Substances(HNS) 391

The preparation of the draft 391

A review of some provisions of the draft 393

Definitions 393

Scope of application 397

Basis of liability 398

The party liable for the damage 398

Limitation of liability 399

Compulsory Insurance 401

Appendices 403

Appendix Ⅰ-The York-Antwerp Rules,1974 404

Appendix Ⅱ-Lloyd's Average Bond 413

Appendix Ⅲ-Valuation Form 414

Appendix Ⅳ-General Average Guarantees 415

Appendix Ⅴ-Health and Safety at Work Seafarers 416

Appendix Ⅵ-Draft Articles for a Convention on Liability and Compensation in Connection with the Carriage of Noxious and Hazardous Substances by Sea 422

Index 455

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