英语语言学导论PDF电子书下载

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Chapter One Introduction 1

1．Linguistics and English linguistics 1

2．The nature of language（s） 2

3．Scientific method 8

3.1．Scientific method in general 8

3.2．Scientific method in linguistics 9

4．The goal of linguistics 15

4.1．Model 15

4.2．Competence 18

5．Sub-branches of linguistics 20

6．Saussure：the father of modern linguistics 21

Summary 24

Suggestions for study 26

Study questions 27

Chapter Two Phonetics 28

1．Speech organs 28

2．Consonants and vowels 30

2.1．The International Phonetic Alphabet 30

2.2．Describing the English consonants 33

2.3．Describing the English vowels 39

3．Phonetic features 42

Summary 47

Suggestions for study 48

Exercises 49

Chapter Three Phonology 53

1．Important concepts in phonology 53

1.1．Phonemes 53

1.2．Minimal pairs and sets 54

1.3．Phonemes and allophones 55

1.4．Phonemes，phones and allophones 57

2．Identifying phonemes 57

2.1．Environment and distribution 57

2.2．Three types of distribution 58

2.3．Principles and procedures 61

3．Distinctive features 65

4．Natural classes of sounds 66

5．Sequences of phonemes 67

6．Suprasegmental features 69

6.1．Stress 70

6.2．Tone and intonation 70

6.3．Juncture 72

7．The rules of phonology 73

7.1 Phonetic and phonemic transcriptions 73

7.2 Phonological rules 74

Summary 76

Suggestions for study 77

Exercises 78

Chapter Four Morphology 82

1．Morphemes 82

2．Classifications of morphemes 84

2.1．Roots and affixes 84

2.2．Prefixes，suffixes and infixes 86

2.3．Inflectional and derivational affixes 87

3．Morphs and allomorphs 90

4．Identifying morphemes 92

4.1．Cutting sound sequences into morphs 92

4.2．Grouping morphs into morphemes 94

4.3．Empty morph and zero morph 97

5．Morphemic analysis 98

6．The role of morphology in English 103

6.1 Grammatical functions of inflectional morphology 103

6.2 Devivational morphology and word-formation processes 104

Summary 110

Suggestions for study 112

Exercises 112

Chapter Five Syntax（Ⅰ）--Syntactic Relations 116

1．Sequential（syntagmatic）relations 116

2．Substitutional（paradigmatic）relations 117

3．Hierarchical relations 118

4．Identifying syntactic categories 121

4.1．Nouns and noun phrases 121

4.2．Verbs and verb phrases 123

4.3．Adjectives 124

4.4．Adverbs 124

5．Hierarchies and Labeled Immediate Constitutent Analysis 125

Summary 131

Suggestions for study 132

Exercises 133

Chapter Six Syntax（Ⅱ）Phrase Structure Rules 139

1．Surface structure and deep structure2．A general description of phrase structure rules 144

3．Noun phrases 145

4．Verb phrases 152

5．Auxiliary phrase 158

5.1．Tense 158

5.2．Modal verbs 162

5.3．Perfect 163

5.4．Progressive 165

6．Sentences 168

Summary 171

Suggestions for study 174

Exercises 174

Chapter Seven Syntax（Ⅲ）Transformational Rules 180

1．Tranformations in general 180

2．Some simple transformations 181

2.1．T-Affix 181

2.2．Passivization 183

2.3．T-Negation 188

2.4．T-Yes/No questions 192

2.5．T-Question-word questions 196

2.6．T-Reflexivization 199

2.7．T-Imperative 200

3．Ordering of transformations 202

Summary 205

Suggestions for study 207

Exercises 208

Chapter Eight Semantics：Word meaning and sentence meaning 210

1．What is meaning？ 210

2．Lexical semantics 212

2.1 Componential analysis 213

2.2 Semantic field 215

2.3 Lexical ambiguity 224

3．Sentence semantics 226

3.1 What is essential for determining sentence meaning？ 226

3.2 Semantic roles 228

3.3 Grammatical functions and semantic roles 231

3.4 Semantic anomaly 232

Summary 233

Suggestions for study 235

Exercises 236

References 242

Key to Exercises 244

Index 300

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